Managing Persistent Organic Pollutants in India: Case Studies on Vapi and Surat, Gujarat (Emerging Contaminants and Associated Treatment Technologies)

Preface
Acknowledgment
Contents
Chapter 1: Status of Persistent Organic Pollutants Pollution in India
	1.1 Introduction to Persistent Organic Pollutants
	1.2 Use, Emission, and Release of POPs into Environment (Toxics Link, 2018)
		1.2.1 Pesticidal POPs
		1.2.2 Chemicals Used in Polymers or Plastic Products
		1.2.3 Brominated Flame Retardants
		1.2.4 Mixed Usage/Unintentional POPs
	1.3 Research Studies on POPs in the Environment
	1.4 Current Scenario of New POPs in India
	1.5 POPs Management and Determination of Potential Data Gaps in Gujarat
		1.5.1 Old POPs
		1.5.2 New POPs
	References
Chapter 2: Regulatory Framework, Policies, and Programs in POPs Management in India
	2.1 Environmental Governance in India
		2.1.1 Regulations on Chemicals in India
	2.2 India’s Program and Policies to Manage POPs
		2.2.1 National Implantation Plan of India
		2.2.2 Regulation on the Initial 12 POPs
		2.2.3 India’s Position on New POPs
	2.3 Management of POPs in India
		2.3.1 Institutional Framework to Manage POPs in India
		2.3.2 Infrastructure and Capacity for POPs Management
		2.3.3 Role of the Urban Local Bodies in POPs Management
	2.4 International Programs on POPs and Chemical Management in India
		2.4.1 Environmentally Sound Management and Final Disposal of PCBs in India
		2.4.2 Environmentally Sound Management of Medical Wastes in India with a Focus on POPs
		2.4.3 Development of a NIP in India as a First Step to Implement the SC on POPs
		2.4.4 Development and Promotion of Non-POPs Alternatives to DDT
		2.4.5 Institutional Capacity Building for Sustainable Management of Chemicals and Waste with a Special Focus on POPs
	References
Chapter 3: An Indian Perspective on Sources of Persistent Organic Pollutants Associated with Plastic Handling: Consequences of COVID-19 Pandemic
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Method: POPs Quantification and the Indian Perspective
	3.3 Discussion
		3.3.1 Plastic Waste Generation in India
		3.3.2 Release of POPs Associated with Plastics
			3.3.2.1 Industrial Sources: Formal and Informal Sectors
			3.3.2.2 Improper Plastic Waste Management
		3.3.3 Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic
	3.4 Conclusion and the Way Forward
	References
Chapter 4: Transport of POPs from Source to Sea
	4.1 Persistent Organic Pollutants Under the Stockholm Convention
	4.2 Environmental Cycling of POPs and Exposure to Ocean Environments
	4.3 Sources and Transport of POPs in Rivers and Discharges to the Ocean
	4.4 Environmental Fate Models for Riverine Transport
	4.5 Fate of Organic Pollutants in the Sea
	4.6 Uptake of POPs by Marine Biota
	4.7 Transformation Processes in the Sea
	4.8 Long-Range Transport of Marine Pollutants
	References
Chapter 5: Environmental Monitoring and Analytical Techniques in Abiotic Matrices of New Persistent Organic Pollutants in India
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Chemistry of New POPs
		5.2.1 Pesticidal POPs
			5.2.1.1 Chlordecone (CLD)
			5.2.1.2 Pentachlorobenzene (PeCB)
		5.2.2 Industrial POPs
			5.2.2.1 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)
			5.2.2.2 Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (TetraBDE) and Pentabromodiphenyln Ether (PentaBDE)
			5.2.2.3 Hexabromodiphenyl Ether and Heptabromodiphenyl Ether
			5.2.2.4 Hexabromobiphenyl
			5.2.2.5 Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD)
	5.3 Monitoring and Extraction Techniques in Abiotic Matrices
		5.3.1 Monitoring Techniques
			5.3.1.1 Surface Water
			5.3.1.2 Atmosphere
			5.3.1.3 Soil and Sediment
		5.3.2 Extraction and Clean-Up Methods
			5.3.2.1 Surface Water
			5.3.2.2 Atmosphere
			5.3.2.3 Soil and Sediment
	5.4 Analytical Methods of New POPs
		5.4.1 GC/MS/MS analysis
		5.4.2 LC/MS/MS analysis
		5.4.3 GC-ECD analysis
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Environmental and Health Impacts
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Environmental Impacts
	6.3 Human Health Impacts
	6.4 Human Exposure to POPs
		6.4.1 Risk of Cancer from POPs Exposure
		6.4.2 POPs (Used in Plastic Products) and Their Impact on the Environment and Human Health
	6.5 The Socioeconomic Analyses of Regulating POPs in India
	References
Chapter 7: International Regulatory Frameworks and Best Practices in Management of POPs
	7.1 International Regulatory Frameworks, Policies, and Programs for POPs Management
		7.1.1 Stockholm Convention
		7.1.2 Rotterdam Convention
		7.1.3 Basel Convention and Basel Ban Amendment
	7.2 Other International Governance Initiatives for POPs Management
		7.2.1 Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM)
		7.2.2 EU Developments on Management of POPs
		7.2.3 Developments of REACH Regulation to Manage POPs
	7.3 POPs Management in Developing Countries
		7.3.1 China
		7.3.2 Indonesia
		7.3.3 Brazil
	7.4 Best Available Techniques (BAT) and Best Environmental Practices (BEP) as Instruments for Controlling POPs Pollution
		7.4.1 BAT/BEP in Stockholm Convention for POPs
		7.4.2 BAT Guidance in CLRTP Protocol
		7.4.3 BAT Reference Document (European IPPC Bureau, 2018)
	7.5 National Implementation Plan: BAT/BEP in India
		7.5.1 Implementation of BAT and BEP in India Under NIP
		7.5.2 Actors In-charge of Information Collection and Evaluation of Techniques
	7.6 Review of Relevant BAT/ BEP Strategies for India’s Newly Restricted POPs
		7.6.1 BEP for Phasing Out New POPs
		7.6.2 BAT/BEP of Hexabromocyclododecane (UNEP, 2017)
	References
Chapter 8: Overview of Use and Release Sources of the Seven New POPs
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Chlordecone
		8.2.1 Use of Chlordecone Reported in SC Documents
		8.2.2 Emission and Release Sources of Chlordecone Reported in SC Documents
		8.2.3 Presence of Chlordecone in Waste and Routes of Release Reported in SC Documents
		8.2.4 Countries That Have Submitted the Information in  No. 8.1.1 to 8.1.3
	8.3 Hexabromobiphenyl (HBB)
		8.3.1 Use of HBB Reported in SC Documents
		8.3.2 Emission and Release Sources of HBB Reported in SC Documents
		8.3.3 Presence of the HBB in Waste and Routes of Release Reported in SC Documents
		8.3.4 Countries That Have Submitted the Information in  No. 11.2.1 to 11.2.3
	8.4 Commercial Octa-BDE
		8.4.1 Use of c-OctaBDE Reported in SC Documents
		8.4.2 Emission and Release Sources of c-OctaBDE Reported in SC Documents
		8.4.3 Presence of c-OctaBDE in Waste and Routes of Release Reported in SC Documents
		8.4.4 Countries That Submitted the Information in  No. 8.3.1 to 8.3.3
	8.5 Commercial Penta-BDE
		8.5.1 Use of the c-PentaBDE Reported in SC Documents
		8.5.2 Emission and Release Sources of c-PentaBDE Reported in SC Documents
		8.5.3 Presence of c-PentaBDE in Waste and Routes of Release Reported in SC Documents
		8.5.4 Countries That Have Submitted the Information in  No. 8.4.1 to 8.4.3
	8.6 Pentachlorobenzene (PeCB)
		8.6.1 Use of PeCB Reported in SC Documents
		8.6.2 Emission and Release Sources of PeCB Reported in SC Documents
		8.6.3 Presence of PeCB in Waste and Routes of Release Reported in SC Documents
		8.6.4 Countries That Have Submitted the Information in  No. 8.5.1 to 8.5.3
	8.7 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD)
		8.7.1 Use of HBCDD Reported in SC Documents
		8.7.2 Emission and Release Sources of HBCDD Reported in SC Documents
		8.7.3 Presence of HBCDD in Waste and Routes of Release Reported in SC Documents
		8.7.4 Countries That Have Submitted the Information in  No. 8.6.1 to 8.6.3
	8.8 Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD)
		8.8.1 Use of HCBD Reported in SC Documents
		8.8.2 Emission and Release Sources of HCBD Reported in SC Documents
		8.8.3 Presence of HCBD in Waste and Routes of Release Reported in SC Documents
		8.8.4 Countries That Have Submitted the Information in  No. 8.7.1 to 8.7.3
	References
Chapter 9: Analysis of Gaps in Management of POPs in India
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Data Limitations
	9.3 Knowledge Gaps
	9.4 Policy and Regulatory Gaps
	9.5 Infrastructure and Capacity Gaps
	9.6 Technological Gaps
	9.7 Awareness Generation Gaps
	References
Chapter 10: Case Studies: Tapi and Daman Ganga River Basins in Gujarat
	10.1 Background
	10.2 Overview of POPs Concentrations in Gujarat
	10.3 POPs in Tapi Riverine Environment
	10.4 POPs and Other Organic Compounds in the Daman Ganga Riverine Environment
	10.5 New POPs in Tapi and Daman Ganga
	10.6 Prescribed Limits of POPs in Environmental Matrix
		10.6.1 Limits for HCH
		10.6.2 Limits for PBDEs
		10.6.3 Limits of PCDD/Fs
	References
Index