Managing Healthy Livestock Production and Consumption: Low Input Livestock Landscapes

Front Cover
Managing Healthy Livestock Production and Consumption
Copyright Page
Contents
List of figures
List of tables
List of boxes
List of pictures
List of contributors
About the authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
	1 Introduction to livestock systems
		Introduction
		Centrality of livestock supply chains in our lives and on our planet
			A multifunctional sector
				Social wellbeing and safety nets
				Economic resilience and livelihoods
				Ecological integrity and vibrant landscapes
				Good governance and stewardship
			Mutualism
			Future demand
			Global safety
			Atomistic perspectives
		Livestock production systems
			Classification systems as reflection of specific mindsets
			High external input systems
				Inputs
				Global food supply and occupation
				Challenges
			Intermediate external input systems
				Inputs
				Global food supply and occupation
				Challenges
			Low external input livestock systems
				Inputs
				Global food supply and occupation
				Challenges
			Animal feeding operations
				Definition
				Scale
				Environmental and health impacts
			Cage farming
				Definition
				Scale
				Environmental and health impacts
			Ranching
				Definition
				Scale
				Environmental and health impacts
			Integrated crop-livestock systems
				Definition
				Scale
				Environmental and health impacts
			Free-range
				Definition
				Scale
				Environmental and health impacts
			Organic agriculture
				Definition
				Scale
				Environmental and health impacts
			Grass-fed
				Definition
				Scale
				Environmental and health impacts
			Biodynamic agriculture
				Definition
				Scale
				Environmental and health impacts
			Permaculture
				Definition
				Scale
				Environmental and health impacts
			Holistic planned grazing
				Definition
				Scale
				Environmental and health impacts
			Silvopastoral systems
				Definition
				Scale
				Environmental and health impacts
			Pastoral systems
				Definition
				Scale
				Environmental and health impacts
			Livestock standards and labels
		Sustainability pathways: from anonymous livestock supply chains into harmonious regenerative value networks
			Improving livestock supply chains
			From efficiency to harmony
			From sustainability to regeneration
			From quantity to quality
			Hard questions
				Part 1
				Part 2
				Part 3
				Part 4
				Part 5
		References
2 Animals and health
	2 Livestock food and human nutrition
		Global trends in livestock production, consumption and marketing
			Increasing livestock production, decreasing land use
				Livestock revolution?
				Poultry production growth
				Concentrate feedstuff
				Peak pasture
			Per capita consumption of livestock meat
				Global consumption of animal food
				Steady reduction of meat consumption
				The rise of poultry meat consumption
				Meat calories’ growth surpasses vegetal calories
			Commodity markets for livestock products
				Meat market disruption
				Decline of dairy markets
				Growth of egg markets
				Feed market substitution
				Mergers and acquisitions
		The debate over animal food and nutrition
			Meat-less considerations
				Vitamin B12 and other vitamins
				Meat for cognitive development
				Over-consumption
				Dietary cholesterol versus blood cholesterol
				Meat saturated fatty acids versus total dietary fats
				Polyunsaturated fatty acids versus saturated fatty acids
				Fat content of meat depends
				Iron and other minerals
				Iron bioavailability
				Nutritional benefits
			Fall of the perfect food: milk
				Milk calcium supply
				Recombinant bovine somatotropin and sexual development
				Estrogens and hormonal cancers
				Calcium and osteoporosis
				Lactose intolerance and proinflammatory effects
				Nutritional benefits
			Ebb and flow of eggs
				A bit of every nutrient needed in an egg
				Egg cholesterol decreases heart disease risk
				Egg cholesterol increases heart disease risk
				Contrasted risks of choline
				Health benefits of eggs depends
				Nutritional benefits
		The animal protein dilemma
			An essential maconutrient
				What are proteins?
				Protein sources
				Animal proteins and nutrition
			Protein intake
				Protein intake and digestibility varies
				Nutritional requirements
				Animal proteins and health
			Protein quality
				Amino acids from dietary proteins
				Animal protein quality
				Cooking damage to protein quality
		References
	3 Livestock xenobiotics and zoonoses
		Xenobiotics compounds found in animal food
			Animal feed contaminants
				Fertilizer compounds
					Nitrogen
					Nitrates
					Nitrite
					Nitrosamines
					Safety issues
					Heavy metals
					Radionucleides
				Pesticides
					Insecticides
					Herbicides
					Fungicides
					Dioxins
				Alkaloids
					Pyrrolizidine
					Mycotoxins
			Veterinary drugs
				Hormones
				Antimicrobials
					Antimicrobials
					Antibiotics as growth promoters
					Antimicrobial resistance
		Zoonoses
			Fungi
			Parasites
				Transmission pathways
				Helminths
				Protozoans
			Pathogenic bacteria
				Bovine tuberculosis
				Q fever
				Brucellosis
				Anthrax
				Enteric infections
			Viruses
				Influenza viruses
				Coronaviruses
				Nipah virus
				Bluetongue
				Virulent Newcastle disease
			Prions
				Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
		Processing and cooking toxins
			Pre-slaughter drugs
			Curing nitrosamines
			Cooking carcinogens
		References
	4 Healthy livestock production and consumption
		Healthy animal husbandry: grass-fed organic
			Organic animal husbandry
				Standards
				Antibiotic avoidance
				Toxicant avoidance
				Nutritional benefits
			Grass-fed animals
				Standards
				Omega-3 benefits
				Fatty acid profiles
				Bacterial exposure
			Local animal breeds
				Genetic erosion
				From susceptibility to resilience
				Quality and safety
				Genetic conservation and development
		Diverse food for healthy gut microbiomes
			What is the microbiome?
			Gut microbiota and nutrition
			Animal-based diets and microbiome health
		Livestock systems, food safety and health
			Food safety and multiomics
				Safety challenges
				Residue standards
				Multiomics
			COVID-19 retrospectives
				Virus and bacteria everywhere
				Subjugation of nature causes viral outbreaks
				Factory farming increases pathogen incidence
				Enslavement of animals promotes virus spreading
				Preventing COVID-21
			One health
				Increasing incidence of pathogens
				Institutional mobilization
				From mitigation to prevention
		References
	5 Pesticide safety in livestock products
		Introduction
		Pesticides, steroids and antibiotics found in animal products
			Pesticides in meat and dairy products
			Anabolic steroids growth promoters and antibiotics
		Concerns about setting acceptable daily intake and maximum residue limit
			The best practice testing guidelines for pesticides and cancer
			Diseases other than cancer
			Exposure thresholds
			Testing for pesticide and chemical combinations
			Pesticides and children’ cancer
			Infants developmental neurotoxicity
			Inter-generational damage
			Endocrine disruption
			Unpublished industry studies
		Pesticides’ metabolites, dioxins and adjuvants
			Pesticide metabolites
			Dioxins
			Pesticide adjuvants
			More research needed to determine metabolite, by-product and additive safety
			Pesticide safety compared to vaccine safety
		Conclusions
		References
	6 Continuous development of animal welfare, with a focus on organic farming
		Introduction
		Relevance and definition of animal welfare
		Comparing animal welfare legislation and standards
		Animal welfare legislation and standards in organic animal husbandry: the need for improvement
		Outcome-oriented approaches to animal welfare
		Research and outcomes on animal welfare in organic farming
		Conclusions and recommendations
		References
3 Livestock landscapes
	7 Livestock and future food supply scenarios
		Long-term food supply perspectives
			Eating the planet
			IFPRI’s International Model for Policy analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade model
			UNEP Threshold 21 world model
			CIRAD’s Agrimonde foresight study
			OECD Alternative Futures for global food and agriculture
			FAO’s Alternative Pathways to 2050
			OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2019–28
		Sustainable Organic Livestock model (SOL-m)
			Designed to balance nutrient flows
			Prospects for matching food supply and demand
			Bright and feasible ecological scenarios
		Efficiency revisited
			Efficiency at production level: input-output accounting
			Efficiency at agroecosystems level: attributional and consequential life cycle analysis
			Efficiency at the food system level: balancing with consistency and sufficiency
		References
	8 Pastoralism as a response to climate change and water security in Mediterranean mountains and forests
		Climate change and desertification in mountain areas
			Mediterranean geography
		Environmental risks in mountainous rangelands and opportunities of extensive grazing
			Sustainable management options of mountains and pastoral areas
			Territorial development for sustainable management of mountains and pastoral areas
		Toward collective awareness
		Conclusion
	9 Landscape management: ecological engineering in temperate areas
		Landscapes
		Fundamental elements of landscape management
			All ecosystems have animals
			Animals move
			Perennials dominate
			Pruning benefits
			Carbon economy
			Massive landscape hydration
			Local economies
			Teams are more effective than individuals
			White-collar farmers
			Walk on the land
		References
	10 Let them graze! Potentials of ruminant production outside the feed-food competition
		Feeding ruminants: what are their fair resources?
		The art of herding: challenges of grassland management and diet composition
		The meaning of phytochemical diversity: precision livestock farming on pasture
		Less will be more: site-adapted breeds
		Wrap-up: the potentials of grasslands for food security, ecological sustainability and animal welfare
		References
	11 The promises of food without soil and toil
		A dream of food without dirt1
		Farm-free foods
		Electric food
		Algae and insects
		Indoor farming
		Saving water and land by using more energy?
		Urban farming
		Another narrative is needed
		References
	12 Livestock as a tool to regenerate land
		The biodiversity, desertification and climate nexus
		Technological software for complex systems
		Animals as biological tools to restore land
		Grazing livestock mitigates climate change
		Holistic planned grazing
		Toward a multiple benefits solution
		References
4 Stories from around the world
	13 Experiences of low-external-input livestock systems
		Subchapter 13.1 Rotational grazing in the flooding pampa, Argentina
			About the authors
				Description of the grassfed beef production in El Amanecer farm
				Land and grazing management
					No supplementation strategies
					Management of stocking rates
					Other coping strategies and monitoring of success
					From increased meat production to positive environmental effects
				Lessons learnt
		Improving land management through grazing strategies
		Subchapter 13.2 Holistic management of livestock, Zimbabwe
			About the authors
				Description
				Land management: timing and strategies in holistic approach
					Increasing crop production and improving animal management
					Holistic management and land monitoring methodology
					Land monitoring results
				Other features of holistic management program in Hwange Community
					Disseminating knowledge—key to success
				Challenges
				Lessons learnt
		Subchapter 13.3 Adapting to climate change in grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China
			About the author
				Description
				Land management and grasslands in China: need for restoration
				Outcomes of the project
				Lessons learnt
		Subchapter 13.4 Organic livestock management and climate resilience, New Zealand
			About the author
				Description of the farm and its conversion to organic production in 2014
				Land management: changing the practices
					Through efficiency to sustainability
				Challenges
				Lessons learnt
			Low to zero grain feeding strategies
		Subchapter 13.5 Conservation of native vegetation and traditional camel herding in Rajasthan, India
			About the authors
				Description: a traditional herding system
				Feeding strategies: camel feeding behavior and environment
				Adding value to camel products, a way of promoting sustainable herding
					Camel milk
					Camel wool
					Camel dung paper and camel milk soap
					Changing attitudes as a way forward
				Lessons learnt
		Subchapter 13.6 Sustainability of organic dairy production in Tyrol pastures, Austria
			About the authors
				Description of the organic dairy farming in the Alps
				Livestock operations and feeding strategies on selected farms
				Sustainability of organic dairy farming
					Biodiversity assessment and subsidies for vegetation diversity
				Other challenges faced in organic dairy farming
				Lessons learnt
		Subchapter 13.7 Feeding spineless cactus to cattle for drought resilience, Kenya
			About the authors
				Description of farming challenges
				Alternative feed for climate change adaptation
					Growing spineless cactus
					Improving feeding strategies
				Other challenges and opportunities in promoting spineless cactus feeding
				Lessons learnt
		Subchapter 13.8 Integrated organic livestock-crop production system, Thailand
			About the author
				Description of organic farming systems in Thailand
				Feeding strategies
					Integrating crop and livestock organic production in Tupthai village
					Organic feed as a result of integrating livestock and crop production
				Other features of the system: local food sales and self-sufficiency of the system
				Lessons learnt
			Alternatives to synthetic agricultural inputs
		Subchapter 13.9 Improving nutrient efficiency through organic management, Madagascar
			About the authors
				Description of the farming system
				Finding alternatives to synthetic inputs
					Improving sustainability of livestock management
					From reduction of fertilizer use to improved N efficiency
				Lessons learnt
		Subchapter 13.10 Breeding for gastrointestinal parasite resistance in Merino sheep, Australia
			About the authors
				Description of “Majuba” low-input farming system
				Finding alternatives to synthetic inputs: breeding for resistance
				Benefits of selection
				Lessons learnt
		Subchapter 13.11 Animals for feeding soils on biodynamic farms, Egypt
			About the authors
				Being a role model for Egypt
				Animal husbandry at SEKEM
				Creating value through composting manure
				Lessons learned: nutrient cycling in the desert needs an external kick start
			References
5 Conclusions
	14 Full-cost accounting for decision-making related to livestock systems
		What we know about current livestock landscapes
		Full-cost accounting for improved decision-making
			Key elements of livestock supply chains
			Key performance indicators
				Carbon footprint
					What livestock brings
					What livestock takes
					Caution
					Hints
				Land footprint
					What livestock brings
					What livestock takes
					Caution
					Hints
				Water footprint
					What livestock brings
					What livestock takes
					Caution
					Hints
				Biodiversity footprint
					What livestock brings
					What livestock takes
					Caution
					Hints
				Animal welfare
					What livestock brings
					What livestock takes
					Caution
					Hints
				Nutrition security
					What livestock brings
					What livestock takes
					Caution
					Hints
				Knowledge
					What livestock brings
					What livestock takes
					Caution
					Hints
				Employment
					What livestock brings
					What livestock takes
					Caution
					Hints
				Public health
					What livestock brings
					What livestock takes
					Caution
					Hints
				Tenure security
					What livestock brings
					What livestock takes
					Caution
					Hints
				Bargaining power distribution
					What livestock brings
					What livestock takes
					Caution
					Hints
				Net income
					What livestock brings
					What livestock takes
					Caution
					Hints
				Government support
					What livestock brings
					What livestock takes
					Caution
					Hints
				Traceability
					What livestock brings
					What livestock takes
					Caution
					Hints
		Livestock impacts on the natural, economic, human and social capitals
		Aggregating and communicating results
		A consumer checklist
		Conclusions
		References
Index
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