Managing for Social Justice: Harnessing Management Theory and Practice for Collective Good

Preface: Notes from the Editors
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Management and Social Justice: An Oxymoron, a Pipedream, or an Inevitability?
	Approaches to Managing for Social Justice
	References
2 A Postcolonial Deconstruction Approach Toward Promoting Socially Conscious Management in the Emerging Economies
	Introduction
	The Relevance of Postcolonial Deconstruction 
	Postcolonial Theories: A Historical Overview
	Nandy’s Propositions on the Colonial Ideologies of Age and Sex 
		The Ideology of Sex in Postcolonial Organizations
		The Ideology of Age in Postcolonial Organizations
	Decolonization of the Management Mind
		Leveraging Non-Western Paradigms
		Leveraging Diverse Wisdom Traditions
	Moving Forward by Fostering Hybrid Spaces in Management Practice
		Partnership Economics
		Indigenous-Based Hybrid Organizing
		Reframing Entrepreneurship as Social Change
	Fostering Hybrid Spaces in Management Research and Education
		Maori Examples of Business School Curriculum and Research
	Conclusion
	References
3 Iteration as an Anarchist Organizational Management Practice
	Introduction
	A view from anarchist philosophies
		Foundations of Rationality in Organizational Management
		Foundations of Anarchy in Organizational Management
		Iteration as an Already Existing Anarchist Organizational Management Practice
		Anarchist Iteration Within the Community Land Trust Movement
		Anarchist Iteration from an Organizational Management Perspective
		Anarchist Iteration from an Organizational Management Perspective
		Third and Current Anarchist Management Iteration Within the Community Land Trust Movement
		Implications: Charting a Way Forward
	Conclusion
	References
4 Social Justice: A Micro Policy Perspective
	Introduction
	Corporate Governance in Developing Economies
	Research Methodology
		Recipient Stage
		Trading Stage
		Symbolic Stage
		Plateau Stage
	Cases
		Infosys
			Stage 1 (1982–1992)
			Stage 2 (1992–2002)
			Stage 3 (2002–2012)
			Stage 4 (2012 to till Date)
	Case Analysis
		Kingfisher Airlines
			Stage 1 (2005–2007)
			Stage 2 (2007–2009)
			Stage 3 (2009–2011)
			Stage 4 (2011–2013)
	Case Analysis
		Maruti Suzuki India Limited
			Stage 1 (1981–1991)
			Stage 2 (1991–2001)
			Stage 3 (2001–2011)
			Stage 4 (2011 to Continuing)
	Case Analysis
	Summary of the Cases
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
5 Shifting from Charity to Justice: A Recasting of the Role of Philanthropic Organizations in the Indian Context
	Introduction
		Imperatives on Theoretical Underpinning of Social Justice
		Imperatives on Philanthropy and Social Justice
			Public vs Private
			Human Rights-Based Approach, Obligation Not Just Discretion
			Radical Change Versus Preserving Status Quo
		Social, Economic, and Development Challenges in India and Role of Indian Philanthropy
		Philanthropy by High Net-Worth Individuals (HNIs)
		Impact Philanthropy
		Community Philanthropy
		Corporate Philanthropy
		Religious Philanthropy
		Retail Philanthropy
		Venture Philanthropy
	Social Justice Philanthropy in the Indian Context
		The Focus on Root Causes of Social Problems and on Marginalized Communities
		Communities Driven and Empowering Communities
		Long-Term Multi-Year Support
		Systemic Thinking
		Internal Diversity and Transparency
	Concluding Remarks
	References
6 Balancing Commerce and Conviction: Emerging Business Models for News Media
	Introduction
	The Shift from Newspapers to News Websites
	Literature Review: Emerging News Media Business Models
		The Paywall or Subscription Model
		Paywall/Subscription Models Worldwide
		Profitability and Ethical Implications of Paywalls
		Crowdfunding
	Review of Crowdfunded News Media Outlets
		Analysis of the Crowdfunding Model
		Government Support
		Review of News Media Outlets Supported by Governments
		Analysis of the Government Support Model
		The Cooperative Model
		Review of News Media Co-operatives
		Analysis of the Cooperative Model
		Trends from Across the Globe
	Objectives and Methodology
		Objectives
		Methodology
	Survey of Emerging News Media Landscape in India
		Overview of the Sample News Media Outlets Reviewed
	Results and Discussion
		Revenue Models
		The Paywall/Subscription Model in India
		Crowdfunding Model in India
		The Cooperative Model in India
		Philanthropy for Journalism
		YouTube as a Source of Revenue
		Value Proposition
		Global, National, Local—Disappearing Boundaries
	Conclusion
	Annexure 1: Review of New Indian News Media
	References
7 Technological Revolution and Evolution of Management Models in the COVID Era: A Social Justice Perspective
	Introduction
	Management Models and Technological Revolutions
	Social Justice, Work, and Digitality
	Digital and Technological Social Justice—Algorithms as Managers?
	Social Justice in Digital Technology
		Data Justice and Digital Rights
		Free and Open-Source Software Movements
		Intelligent Systems and Bias
	Underutilized Technology and Socioeconomic Disruption: Digitality and COVID-19
	Unrealized Potential to Underutilized Potential of Digitality
	Accelerated or Compressed Problem-Solving Process in the Primary Cycle
	Dysfunctions in the COVID-19 Accelerated Wave
	Implications
	References
8 Sustainability Leadership: Current Perspective and Future Adaptation
	Introduction
	Urgency for Sustainability
	Sustainability and a Need for Leadership
	Critical Leadership Characteristics
	Challenges of Sustainability Leadership
	Corporate Sustainability Initiatives
	International Sustainability Perspective
		Driving Sustainability Today
		What Should Organizational and International Sustainability Look Like?
		A World of Mutual Reliance
		Assessing the Sustainability of Agriculture in Bulgaria
		World’s Most Sustainable Companies for 2021
		Environmental Performance Index (EPI)
		Transition to a Circular Economy (CE)
		Sustainability Leadership on an International Scale
	Smart Organizations and Sustainability
	Sustainability in the Future
	Conclusion
	References
9 Social Exclusion and Socioeconomic Inequalities of Black STEM Workers: A Systematic Literature Review
	Introduction
	Black STEM Workers
		Black Socioeconomic Immobility
			The Looming $1.2 Trillion Management Problem
	Scoping Literature Review and Theoretical Frame
	Historical and Contemporary Perspectives
		Historical Origins of the Black STEM Worker
		Black “Intelligent” Labor
	Historical Era Perspectives and Arguments for Progress (1900s–1950s)
		W.E.B. Du Bois’s Perspective
		Booker T. Washington’s Perspective
	Postmodern Era Perspectives (Civil Rights Era–1999)
		Civil Rights Era Perspective (1960s–1970s)
	Reaganomics Era Perspective (1980–1989)
		Technocratic Era Perspective (1990–1999)
	Originating Society’s Normalization of the Exceptions Being the Rules
	Transmodern Era Perspectives (2000–2020s)
		Globalization Era Perspective (2000–2009)
		Sociotechnical Era Perspective (2010–2019)
		Current Perspective (2020s and Beyond)
	Methodology
		Inclusion Criteria
		Exclusion Criteria
	Quality of Appraisal Results
	Findings and Synthesis
		Finding 1: Racialism
		Finding 2: African American STEM Workers’  Perceived Lack of Cognitive Abilities
		Finding 3: Inverse Relationship of African  American STEM Workers on Wages
	Theoretical Frameworks
		Discussion of Theoretical Frameworks
		Structural Functionalism
			Origins and Essential Construct
			Societal Interconnectedness
		Human Capital Theory
			Origins and Essential Constructs
			Socioeconomic Interconnectedness
		Development of the Conceptual Model
	Implications for Management-Practitioners
		Management-Practitioner Recommendation #1
			Value Socially Inclusive Workforces
		Management-Practitioner Recommendation #2
			Value Black Leadership Pipelines
		Management-Practitioner Recommendation #3
			Establish an Evidence-Based Organizational Mindset
		Management-Practitioner Recommendation #4
			Ensure Algorithms Are Free of Biases
	Final Summary and Conclusion
	References
10 From Liminality to Inclusion: Cooperatives as Catalysts for Refugee Women’s Identity Work
	Theoretical Background
		Identity Work as Self-Work
		Liminality and Identity Work
	Research Setting: Refugee Women’s Cooperatives in Turkey
	Methods
		Data Sources
		Data Analysis
	Findings
	Practices of Identity Work
		Engaging in Identity Work by Associating with Particular Individuals
			Forming Intra-Communal Relations
			Negotiating Inter-Communal Relations
			Working Collectively
		Engaging in Identity Work by Reclaiming Existence
			Search for Belonging
			Taking Turkish Women as Role Models
			Enhancing Individual Well-Being
		Resources for Identity Work
			Cooperative Space
			Skill Building
		Situatedness of Identity Work
			Healing Forced Displacement Traumas
			Shifting Traditional Gender Roles
	Discussion and Conclusion
	References
11 Workplace Transformation in India: Creating a Trans-Inclusive Environment
	Introduction
	About Transgender Community
	Global Attitude Towards Transgender Community
	Accelerating LGBTI Equality Through the Power of Business Leadership
	Transgender People in India-A Look Back and a Look Forward
		Legal Framework Pre-and Post-independence
		Current Status of Transgender Community in India
			Education
			Status of Trans People at Workplace
	Way Forward
		Role of Key Stakeholders in Protecting Trans People at Workplace
		Initiatives to Empower Trans Peoples in India
		State Government Initiatives to Support Trans People
		Perspectives Regarding Low Employment Levels Among Trans People
		Advantages of Employing Trans People in an Organisation
		Preparedness for Trans People Inclusive Workplace
		Creating and Implementing an Inclusive Workplace
		Basic Framework for Designing Policies
		Company Policy Considerations for Diversity and Inclusivity
		Practices to Accommodate Trans People Inclusivity (Implementation)
		Measuring Organisational Success  Factors Achieved Through Trans-Inclusivity
		Employers in India: A Few Examples
	Conclusion
	References
12 Charging Collective Ability: The Transformative Power of Action Learning for Inclusive Organizations
	Introduction
	Action Learning in a Nutshell
	Brief History of Action Learning
	Program Integrity
		Conceptual Boundaries
		Attributing Meaning to AL
		Established AL Practices
		Making Sense of Coaching in Contemporary AL
	Scaling AL for Collective Learning and Change
		Introducing AL
		Scale-Up
		Evaluation
	Building Inclusive Environments Through AL
		Conditions for Learning
		Balanced Intervention
		Optimizing Potential for Inclusion
	Conclusion
	References
13 The Interrogatory Imperative: Hope and Persistence from 20 Years of Interrogating Whiteness in OD
	Introduction
		The Interrogatory Imperative
		Purpose and Methodology
		Boundary Conditions
		Standpoint Epistemology
	Literature Review
		Humanistic Values at the Root of OD
		Advancements in IW Theory and Praxis
			What Has IW Been up to? (and Why Should It Make Us Hopeful?)
			Critical Analysis of Diversity Management
			Simultaneity and Cultural Scripting
			White Fragility
			Courageous White Allyship
	Discussion
		Where Has Our Interrogation Taken Us?
			Meeting a New Cultural Moment
		Where Do We Go from Here?
			Implications for Future (Disruptive) Inquiry
			Four Themes for Interrogatory Praxis
	Conclusion
	References
14 Integrative OAD: De-neutralizing the Organizational Assessment Canon to Advance Humanistic Change
	Theories and Propositions
		Positionality
		Humanistic-Based Outcomes
		Organizational Diagnosis
		Power: The Lens of Positionality
	Analysis
		The Value of Models
		The Utility of a Positionality Lens
		Analysis of Canonical Models
			The Weisbord Six-Box Model
			The Congruence Model
			McKinsey’s 7S Model
			The Burke-Litwin Model
			The Competing Values Framework
	Summary
		Practice-Based Approaches for Integrative OAD
			Smith and Lindsay’s Ubuntic Inclusion Model
			Easley’s Culturally Sensitive Model for Advancing Whole Systems Change
		The Use of Self and the Role of Reflection in Integrative OAD
	Conclusion
	References
15 Managing Neurodiversity Inclusion in Today’s Entrepreneurial-Styled Workplace
	Introduction
	Social Justice and Neurodiversity
	Neurodiversity in the Workplace
	Neurodiverse Supportive Management
		Universal Design
		Synergistic Supervision
		The Universally Designed Synergistic Supervision (UDSS) Model
	Self-Learned Supports
	Summary
	References
16 Experiential Learning for the MBA: Career Preparation for Nontraditional Students
	Experiential Learning for the MBA: Career Preparation for Nontraditional Students
	Education and Social Justice
	The Nontraditional Learner
	Strategies for Teaching and Instructing Nontraditional Learners
		Andragogy
		Transformative Learning
		Self-Directed Learning
		Experiential Learning
	The Context for Experiential Learning for Nontraditional Students
	The MBA Capstone Project
		Challenges to Overcome
		Coordinating the Project
		Implementation in the Classroom
		Final Project/Client Deliverable
	Investigating the Impact of the Project
		Procedures
		Participants
		The Survey
	Results of the Survey
		Responses from Students
		Responses from Faculty
		Responses from Clients
	Discussion of the Results
	Analysis and Discussion
		Limitations
		Opportunities to Expand the Initiative
	Conclusions
	References
17 Managing for Social Justice: A Call for Action
	Introduction
	Organizations and Social Justice
		Organizations as Sites that Lack/Enable Inclusion , Societal Change, and Justice
		Organizations as Societal Change Agents
	Management Concepts and Theories
	Management Education, Teaching, and Pedagogy
	Management Practice
	A Call for Action
		Management Theory and Models
		Management Education
		Management Practice
	References
Index