Managing Disaster Risks to Cultural Heritage

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Figures
Tables
Contributors
Introduction
	Setting the Context
	This Volume
	Note
	References
1. Understanding Risks to Cultural Heritage: Are Disasters Natural?
	Introduction
	Cultural heritage: its definition and integration in disaster risk reduction frameworks
	Why aren\'t disasters natural?
	Educating about cultural heritage
	Disaster risk perception related to cultural heritage among professionals and stakeholders
		Perceiving the risk of cultural heritage according to the Hyogo and Sendai frameworks
		Perception and use of cultural heritage: from top-down to the bottom-up participatory approaches
	Conclusions
	References
2. Disasters and Heritage Loss
	Introduction
	Heritage value assessment
		Cultural heritage values
		Valuation methods for cultural heritage
	Disaster impacts analysis in cultural heritage
		Types of disaster impacts on cultural heritage
		Methods for disaster impact analysis in cultural heritage
	Past disasters as evidence for DRM
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
3. Stability of Cultural Information in Unstable Environments: Data Management for Digital Preservation of Immovable Cultural Heritage against Natural Hazards
	Introduction
	Implementation
		What to implement? i.e., data modelling
		How to implement? i.e., systems design
		When to implement? i.e., timescales
	Cultural heritage data management systems in practice
	Discussion
	Acknowledgements
	Notes
	References
4. Disaster Risk Assessment Strategies for Cultural Heritage
	Introduction
	What is disaster risk?
	The connection between disaster risk management and disaster management
	Identifying hazards
		Hazards and hazard scenarios
		The effects of climate change in hazard scenarios
		Cascading hazard scenarios
	Disaster risk assessment for cultural heritage
		Building an exposure model
		Analysing vulnerability for each risk scenario
		Establishing a risk level for each risk scenario
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
5. From Risk Reduction to Risk Adaptation: Protecting the Past for the Future
	Introduction
	Threats to inheritance
	Identifying causes of risks
	Disaster risks due to climate change
	Evolution of international policies
	Reducing risks and building resilience
	Mitigation and adaptation: two sides of the same coin
	Towards a \'place-based approach\' for disaster risk management
	Notes
	References
6. Remote Sensing and Disaster Risk Management for Cultural Heritage
	Introduction
	Aerial photography
	Declassified imagery
	High-resolution satellite data
	Low-resolution satellite data
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
7. Can Our Past Save Our Future?: Traditional Knowledge and Disaster Risk Management for Cultural Heritage
	Introduction to the traditional approach to environment
	From a traditional to a modern approach to the environment
	Traditional knowledge for disaster risk reduction (DRR)
	International concern for the environment
	Traditional knowledge in international policies on DRR & culture
	Reasons for loss of traditional knowledge
	Conclusions
	Notes
	References
8. Emergency Response to Cultural Heritage
	Introduction
	Paving the way to emergency response to cultural heritage
		Modern legal and philosophical basis for heritage protection in crisis
		Red Cross and Red Crescent movement
		WWI and emergency measures for historic monuments
		The WWII Monuments Men
		UN and UNESCO emergency response mechanism
		UNESCO\'s cultural conventions and emergency response
		The evolution of emergency response in the European context since the 1960s
	Principles and frameworks of emergency response to cultural heritage
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	Notes
	References
9. Cultural Heritage Recovery and Reconstruction
	Introduction
	Components of heritage conservation
	Modern conservation approach
	Recovery and reconstruction
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
	Other International Doctrines for Further Reading
10. Surviving Disasters: Traditional Disaster-Resilient Designs in Japan
	Introduction
	Research objectives and background
	Materials and methods
		Earthquakes
			Great Buddha Hall (recovery from rocking)
		Fire
			Kiyomizu-dera temple (locating a pond between structures)
			Nishi-Honganji temple (a fire protection belt)
			Shirakawa-go village and firefighting measures for thatched-roofs
		Floods
			Katsura detached palace: An elastic and permeable bamboo hedge
		Snowstorms
			Shirakawa-go village: throwing snow and enduring in storm
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
11. A Case Study from the World Heritage Site of the Tabriz Historic Bazaar and Fire Management, Iran
	Introduction
	Geography and history of Tabriz
	Historical events of Tabriz
	Historical structure of Tabriz Bazaar
	Disturbance in Bazaar management and fire
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
12. Winds, Rain, and Thunder: Hurricanes, Community Support, and Preparedness at Teyuna-Ciudad Perdida Archaeological Park, Colombia, a Case Study
	Introduction
	Hurricanes and the Circum-Caribbean Area
	Lessons learned in preparedness and risk mitigation
	Hurricane Matthew, 1-3 October 2016 Category 5 Hurricane (>254 km/h winds)
	Conclusions and lesson learned
	Notes
	References
13. Counting the Cost: Architectural Heritage in Post-Quake Christchurch, 2010-2020
	Introduction
	Context
	The 2010 earthquake
	Initial disaster response
	Earthquake recovery and heritage destruction
	Heritage and recovery plans
	Public support for heritage
	Recovered heritage
	What caused heritage demolitions?
	Conclusion
	References
14. A Multilevel Framework for Flood Risk Assessment of Cultural Heritage: A Case Study from Portugal
	Introduction
	Methodology
		Hazard and exposure modelling
		Vulnerability modelling
			Level 1
			Level 2
		Risk quantification
	Application and results
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
15. Leveraging Digital Systems for Disaster Management at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Bagan Archaeological Zone in Myanmar
	Introduction
		Bagan archaeological zone
		Historical construction typology
	Regional and local seismicity
	Database and database management
		Inventory of monuments
		Improved databases and data management systems
		Multi-agency engagements in Bagan
	Post-earthquake reconnaissance in 2016
	Challenges and prospects in risk preparedness and recovery
	References
Conclusion
Index