MANAGEMENT OF CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.

Contents
Contributors
Part I: Basic Principles of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pharmacology
	1: Basic Principles of Cardiac Electrophysiology
		Introduction
		Resting Membrane Potential
		Ion Channels
			Sodium Ion Channels
				Structure
				Nomenclature and Family of Nav Channels
				Voltage-Gated Sodium Ion Channels
			Calcium Ion Channels
				Structure
				Nomenclature and Family of CaV
				L-Type (CaV1.x) and T-Type (CaV3.x) Channels
			Potassium Ion Channels
				Cardiac Potassium Channels
					Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Structure
					Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Currents
					Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channel Structure
					Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Currents
		Cardiac Action Potential
			Action Potential Duration and Effective Refractory Period (ERP)
			Sinoatrial Node and Atrioventricular Node Electrophysiology
			Regional Differences in Action Potential
			Transmural Differences in Ventricular Action Potential
		Calcium Handling
		Cardiac Conduction
		Wavelength
		Arrhythmias
		References
	2: Mechanisms Underlying the Development of Cardiac Arrhythmias
		Introduction
		Abnormal Impulse Formation
			Normal Automaticity
			The Voltage and Calcium Clocks
			Subsidiary Pacemakers
		Automaticity as a Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmia
			Hereditary Bradycardia
			Secondary SA Node Dysfunction
			Enhanced Automaticity
			Overdrive Suppression of Automaticity
			Parasystole and Modulated Parasystole
		Afterdepolarization and Triggered Activity
			Early Afterdepolarization-Induced Triggered Activity
			Cellular Origin of Early Afterdepolarizations
			Ionic Mechanisms Responsible for the EAD
			Delayed Afterdepolarization (DAD)-Induced Triggered Activity
			Role of Delayed Afterdepolarization-Induced Triggered Activity in the Development of Cardiac Arrhythmias
			Late Phase 3 Early Afterdepolarizations and Their Role in the Initiation of Fibrillation
			Afterdepolarization-Induced Triggered Activity in Ventricles Versus Atria
		Reentrant Arrhythmias
			Circus Movement Reentry Around an Anatomical Obstacle
			Circus Movement Reentry Without an Anatomical Obstacle
			Fibrillation: Reentry Versus Wannabe Reentry?
			Figure-Eight Reentry
			Reflection
			Phase 2 Reentry
			Spatial Dispersion of Repolarization
		Structural Remodeling and Arrhythmias
		Mechanisms Underlying Ventricular Arrhythmias
			J Wave Syndromes
			Brugada Syndrome
			The Long QT Syndrome
			Short QT Syndrome
			Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
			The Role of Spatial Dispersion of Repolarization in Development of Life-Threatening Arrhythmias
		References
	3: Genetic and Molecular Basis of Cardiac Arrhythmias
		Introduction
		Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT)
		Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
		Congenital Long QT Syndrome (LQTS)
		Brugada Syndrome (BrS)
		Familial Atrial Fibrillation (AF)
		Conclusions
		References
	4: Unique Rhythm Phenomena and Mechanisms
		Introduction
			Two Cell Types
				Slow-Response Myocytes
				Fast-Response Myocytes
			Determinants of Threshold Potential
			Excitability
			Postrepolarization Refractoriness (PRR)
		Ashman Phenomenon
		Cardiac Memory
		Phase 3 Block
		Phase 4 Block
		Inverse Wenckebach
		Concealed Conduction
			Potential Mechanisms of Concealed Conduction That Leads to Conduction Block [21–23]
			ECG Manifestations of the Subsequent Impulse Following Concealed Conduction
		Gap Phenomenon
		Supernormal Conduction
		Linking Phenomenon
		Wedensky Phenomenon
		References
	5: ECG Waves and Signs: Ionic and Cellular Basis
		Introduction
		Establishment of the Standard 12-Lead ECG
		Key ECG Concepts
			Instantaneous Mean Electrical Vector
			Mean Electrical Axis
		Ionic and Cellular Basis of the Normal 12-Lead ECG
			The P Wave
			The PR Segment and PR Interval
			The QRS Complex
			The ST Segment and T Wave
			The U Wave
			The QT Interval
		The Abnormal 12-Lead ECG
			QRS Axis Deviations
			Bundle Branch and Fascicular Blocks
				Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB)
				Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)
				ECG Changes in Bundle Branch and Fascicular Blocks: General Rules
			ECG Changes Attending Transmural Myocardial Ischemia
			ECG Changes Associated with the J Wave Syndromes
		References
	6: Mechanisms of Action of Antiarrhythmic Drugs
		Introduction
		Class I Antiarrhythmic Drugs
			Cardiac Sodium (Na+) Channel
			Postrepolarization Refractoriness (PRR)
			Use Dependence of Class I Antiarrhythmic Drugs
			Mechanism of Antiarrhythmia of Class I Antiarrhythmic Drug
				Inhibition of Reentry
				Inhibition of Triggered Activity
				Reduction of Repolarization Heterogeneity
			Proarrhythmia of Class I Antiarrhythmic Drugs
		Class II Antiarrhythmic Drugs
			Inhibition of Sympathetic Hyperactivity
			Inhibition of Structural and Electrical Remodeling
			Inhibition of Ion Channels
			Role in Inherited Arrhythmogenic Diseases
		Class III Antiarrhythmic Drugs
			Antiarrhythmic Mechanism for Reentrant Arrhythmias
			Reverse-Use Dependence of Class III Antiarrhythmic Drugs
		Class IV Antiarrhythmic Drugs
		References
Part II: Diagnosis of Cardiac Arrhythmias Using Surface ECG and Other Non-invasive Means
	7: Narrow-QRS Tachycardias: Differential Diagnosis at Bedside
		Introduction
		Initiation and Termination of SVT
		Regularity of Tachycardia Cycle Length
		P/QRS Relationship
		Vagal Maneuvers and Adenosine Diagnosis
		Use of Implantable Devices for SVT Diagnosis
		Esophageal Recording and Atrial Pacing
		References
	8: Wide Complex Tachycardia
		Introduction
		Causes of Wide Complex Tachycardia
		Clinical Approach
		Electrocardiographic Approach
		QRS-Morphology-Based Algorithms
		Electrophysiology Study Approach (Table 8.1)
		References
	9: Bradyarrhythmias
		Introduction
		Embryology and Basic Physiology of the Cardiac Conduction System
		Sinus Node Dysfunction
		Diagnostic Evaluation of Sinus Node Dysfunction
		AV Node Dysfunction (Table 9.2)
		Diagnostic Evaluation of AV Node Dysfunction
		Categorization of AV Block
		Other Causes of AV Block
		References
	10: Pacemaker-Mediated Arrhythmias
		Introduction
			Repetitive Reentrant Ventriculoatrial Synchrony (RRVAS)
			Repetitive Non-reentrant Ventriculoatrial Synchrony (RNRVAS)
			Repetitive Non-reentrant Ventriculoatrial 1:2 Synchrony (RNRVA1:2S)
		References
Part III: Diagnosis of Cardiac Arrhythmias: Intracardiac Approaches
	11: Intracardiac Mapping in the Cardiac Electrophysiology Laboratory
		Essential Principles
		Types of Cardiac Mapping
			Activation Mapping
			Entrainment Mapping
			Pacemapping
			Voltage Mapping
			Mapping Based on Complex Fractionated Atrial Electrograms
			Focal Impulse and Rotor Modulation Mapping
		Types of Three-Dimensional Mapping Systems
			CARTO®
			EnSite™ NavX™ System
			Rhythmia HDx™
		Image Integration in Mapping Techniques
		Future Directions
		References
	12: Electrophysiological Maneuvers in Arrhythmia Analysis
		Introduction
		Maneuvers to Aid in the Diagnosis of Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT)
			Pacing During Sinus Rhythm
				Ventricular Pacing During Sinus Rhythm
				Para-Hisian Pacing During Sinus Rhythm
				Atrial Pacing During Sinus Rhythm
			Key Observations After the Induction of Supraventricular Tachycardia
			Pacing Maneuvers During Supraventricular Tachycardia
				Single Extrastimuli Delivered During Supraventricular Tachycardia
					Atrial Extrastimuli During Supraventricular Tachycardia
					Ventricular Extrastimuli During Supraventricular Tachycardia
				Overdrive Pacing During Supraventricular Tachycardia
					Ventricular Overdrive Pacing
					Determining the Response to Ventricular Overdrive Pacing
						Analyzing the Response Immediately After Pacing
						Utilizing the Transition Zone to Differentiate PSVT Mechanisms
						Utilizing the Post-pacing Interval (PPI) and Tachycardia Cycle Length (TCL) Difference to Differentiate PSVT Mechanisms
						The Stimulus to Atrium (SA) – Ventricle to Atrium (VA) Difference
						Determining the Response to Atrial Overdrive Pacing
						VA Linking
						AOP to Rule Out Junctional Tachycardia
		Maneuvers in the Differentiation of Wide Complex Tachycardias
			Key Observations After the Induction of a Wide Complex Tachycardia
			Pacing Maneuvers During Wide Complex Tachycardia
				Single Extrastimuli Delivered During Wide Complex Tachycardia
				Overdrive Pacing During Wide Complex Tachycardia
		Maneuvers to Aid in the Localization of Ventricular Tachycardia Circuits
			Mapping During Sinus Rhythm
				Pace Mapping Focal Ventricular Tachycardia
				Pace Mapping Reentrant Ventricular Tachycardia
			Mapping During Ventricular Tachycardia
				Entrainment Mapping During Ventricular Tachycardia
					Presence of Manifest or Concealed Fusion
					Post-pacing Interval and Tachycardia Cycle Length Difference of the Entrained Drivetrain
					Measuring the Stimulus to QRS (S-QRS) and Electrogram to QRS (EGM-QRS)
		Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Specific Arrhythmias
	13: Atrio-ventricular Nodal Reentry
		Introduction
		Noninvasive Diagnosis of SVT
		AVNRT Mechanism
		Management of AVNRT
		Elecrophysiologic Testing and Tachycardia Ablation
		Summary
		References
	14: Atrioventricular Reentry Tachycardia
		Introduction
		Clinical Features
		ECG Manifestation and Localization
			Baseline ECG
			P Wave During Tachycardia
		Rhythm Tracing Analysis
			Initiation
			During Tachycardia
			Termination
		Unusual Accessory Pathways
		Electrophysiologic Study
			Retrograde Atrial Activation Sequence
			Atrial Extrastimulus (AES)
			Atrial Overdrive Pacing (AOP)
			Ventricular Extrastimulus (VES)
			Initiation
			VA Relationship
			BBB During Tachycardia
		Diagnostic Maneuvers
			VA Interval (V Pacing SR)
			Differential RV Pacing
			Para-Hisian Pacing
			HA Interval (V Pacing During SR or Entrainment)
			His-Refractory Extrastimulation (V Pacing During Tachycardia)
			Transition Zone (VOP During Tachycardia Regardless of the Success of the Entrainment)
		Entrainment
			A(H)V Versus AA(H)V Response (VOP or Entrainment)
			PPI-TCL
			SA-VA Difference (VOP or Entrainment)
			Ventricular Fusion
			Differential Entrainment
			Antegrade His Capture
			Para-Hisian Entrainment
			AH interval (Atrial Pacing During SR)
			∆VA Interval (VA Linking)
		Ablation of Accessory Pathway
			Access
			Mapping and Ablation
		Rare Types of SVT
			Permanent Junctional Reciprocating Tachycardia (PJRT)
			Atriofascicular (AF) Pathway
			Nodofascicular/Nodoventricular (NF/NV) Pathway
			Fasciculoventricular AP (FV) [89, 90]
			Subepicardial AP
		Summary
		References
	15: Atrial Tachycardia
		Introduction
		Defining Atrial Tachycardia
		Focal Atrial Tachycardia and Microreentry Tachycardias
		Macroreentrant Atrial Tachycardias
			Sinus Node Reentrant Atrial Tachycardia
			Atrial Tachycardia After Previous Atrial Fibrillation Ablation
			Atrial Tachycardias After Previous Heart Surgery
		Electrocardiogram Characteristics of Atrial Tachycardias
		Electrophysiological Maneuvers to Differentiate AT from Supraventricular Tachycardias
		Mapping and Ablation of Atrial Tachycardias
		Success Rates of Catheter Ablation of Focal and Macroreentrant Atrial Tachycardias
		References
	16: Pharmacologic Management of Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter
		Introduction
		Patterns of AF
			Paroxysmal AF
			Persistent AF
			Permanent AF
			Subclinical AF (SCAF)
		Goals of Treatment
			Rate Control Versus Rhythm Control
			Mortality
			Quality of Life and Exercise Tolerance
			Ventricular and Atrial Structure and Function
				Prevention of Thromboembolism
		Specific Drugs for Pharmacologic Cardioversion and for the Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm
		Specific Drugs for Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm
			Class Ia
				Quinidine
				Procainamide
				Disopyramide
			Class Ib
			Class Ic
				Propafenone and Flecainide
			Class II
			Class III
				Sotalol
				Dofetilide
				Dronedarone
				Amiodarone
			Class IV
		Specific Drugs for Conversion to Sinus Rhythm
			Ibutilide
			Vernakalant
		Drugs Used for Rhythm Control that Have Not Been Classically Considered as Antiarrhythmics
		Ranolazine
		Specific Drugs for the Control of Ventricular Rate in AF
			Class I
			Class II
			Class III
			Class IV
			Digoxin
		Drug Selection in Specific Populations
			Minimal Disease
			Coronary Disease
			Heart Failure
			LVH
		Anticoagulation
			Drugs for Anticoagulation of AF Patients
				Warfarin and ASA
				NOACs
				Dabigatran
				Apixaban
				Rivaroxaban
				Edoxaban
				Interactions
				Transitioning to and from Warfarin and DOACs
				Reversal
				Triple Therapy
		Atrial Flutter
		References
	17: Atrial Fibrillation: Catheter Ablation and a Hybrid Approach
		Background
		Pulmonary Vein Isolation
		Ablation of Non-pulmonary Vein Triggers and Substrate
		Anticoagulation
		Colchicine and Other Anti-inflammatory Drugs
		Safety
		Outcome Studies
		Hybrid Approach
		Economic Impact
		References
	18: Ventricular Tachycardia and Fibrillation: Pharmacologic Therapy
		Class IA Antiarrhythmic Drugs
		Lidocaine
		Mexiletine
		Flecainide
		Propafenone
		Beta-Blockers
		Amiodarone
		Sotalol
			Dofetilide
			Ibutilide
		Antiarrhythmic Drugs in Patients with ICDs
		Proper Selection of an Antiarrhythmic Drug for VT/VF Syndromes
		References
	19: Ventricular Tachycardia: Catheter Ablation
		Introduction
		Definitions
		VT Mechanism
			Triggered Activity and Automaticity
			Scar-Related Reentry
			Reentry in the Purkinje System and Ventricular Fibrillation
		Indications for VT Ablation
			Patients with Structurally Normal Heart
			Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease
			Patients with Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy (NICM)
			Patients with Congenital Heart Disease and Inherited Arrhythmias
		Procedural Planning for VT Ablation
			Preprocedural Risk Assessment
			12-Lead Electrocardiogram and Body Surface Mapping Before Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation
				Ventricular Tachycardia in the Absence of Structural Heart Disease
				Post-infarction Ventricular Tachycardia
				Ventricular Tachycardia in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy
				Bundle Branch Reentrant Ventricular Tachycardia
				ICD Electrogram Information
				Epicardial Ventricular Tachycardia
		Mapping and Imaging Techniques
			Mapping Catheters
			Activation Mapping
			Entrainment Mapping
			Pace Mapping
			Sinus Rhythm Substrate Mapping
		End Points of Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia
		References
	20: Acquired Long QT Syndrome and Torsades de Pointes
		Introduction
		History of Acquired Long QT Syndrome with Particular Focus on Drug-Induced QT Prolongation
		Pathogenesis of Acquired Long QT Syndrome
		Secondary Factors as Triggers of Acquired Long QT Syndrome
		The Underlying Genetic Factor
		Treatments
		Future Plans to Elucidate Acquired Long QT Syndrome
		References
	21: Indications for Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators
		Introduction
		Overview of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Indications
		Secondary Prevention
		Primary Prevention
		Inherited Cardiomyopathies and Channelopathies
			Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
			Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
			Long QT Syndrome
			Short QT Syndrome
			Brugada Syndrome
			Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
			Early Repolarization Syndrome
		Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in Congenital Heart Disease
		Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators Implantation for Children
		Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators
		Conclusions and Future Directions
		References
	22: Indications for Temporary and Permanent Pacemakers
		Introduction
		Temporary Pacemakers
			Temporary Pacing Modalities
				Transcutaneous Pacing
				Transesophageal Pacing
				Transvenous Temporary Pacing
					Bedside Transvenous Pacing Technique
				Externalized Semipermanent Pacing
				Epicardial Temporary Pacing
			Indications for Temporary Pacing
				Sinus Node Dysfunction
				Atrioventricular Block
				Cardiac Surgery
				Special Circumstances
		Permanent Pacemakers
			Pacing Modalities
			Indications for Permanent Pacemakers
				Sinus Node Dysfunction
				Atrioventricular Block
				Conduction Disorders with 1:1 Conduction
		Complications and Monitoring
		References
	23: Overview of Syncope
		Definition
			Loss of Consciousness
			Rapid Onset
			Short Duration
			Spontaneous Recovery
			Due to Cerebral Hypoperfusion
		Epidemiology and Demographics
		Initial Evaluation
			General Considerations
			History
				History of the Present Episode
				Past Medical History
				Family History
			Physical Examination
			Ancillary Testing
				Echocardiogram
				Blood Testing
				Other Cardiac Imaging
				Electrocardiographic Monitoring
				Exercise Testing
				Tilt Table Testing [15, 16]
				Testing of Autonomic Function
				Carotid Sinus Massage
				Invasive Electrophysiology Testing
				Unnecessary Testing
		Risk Stratification
		Pathophysiology of Syncope
			Cerebral Perfusion
			Baroreflex System
			Cerebral Blood Flow
				Cerebral Autoregulation
		Classification of the Causes of Syncope
			Reflex Syncope
				Vasovagal Syncope
				Carotid Sinus Syndrome
				Situational Syncope
					Situational Syncope Related to the Respiratory Tract
					Situational Syncope Related to the GI Tract
					Situational Syncope Related to the Genitourinary Tract
			Syncope due to Orthostatic Hypotension
				Primary Autonomic Dysfunction
				Secondary Autonomic Dysfunction
			Syncope due to Cardiac Arrhythmia
				Bradyarrhythmias
				Tachyarrhythmias [57]
					Supraventricular Tachycardia
					VT Associated with Structural Heart Disease
					Idiopathic Ventricular Tachycardias
					Less Common Tachyarrhythmias, “Channelopathies”
			Syncope due to Structural Cardiac and Cardiopulmonary Causes
			Cerebrovascular Causes of Syncope
		Treatment of Syncope
			Treatment of Cardiac Syncope
				Syncope Secondary to Structural Heart Disease
				Syncope due to Cardiac Arrhythmia
			Treatment of Non-cardiac Syncope
				Syncope Caused by Orthostatic Hypotension [18]
				Syncope Caused by Reflex Syncope
				Treatment of Vasovagal Syncope
		Conclusions
		References
Part V: Arrhythmias-Related Cardiomyopathy and Others
	24: Arrhythmia-Induced Cardiomyopathies
		Introduction
		Causes
		Epidemiology
		Mechanisms
		Clinical Features
		Diagnosis
		Principles of Management
		Management of Different Arrhythmias in AIC Patients
			Atrial Fibrillation
			Atrial Flutter
			Frequent PVCs and VT
			Reentrant Supraventricular Tachycardia
			Sinus Tachycardia
			Arrhythmias More Common in Children
		Recovery of LVEF
		Recurrence of AIC
		Recovery of AIC: Reality or Misnomer?
		Conclusions
		References
	25: Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
		Introduction
		Physiology Behind Dyssynchrony
		Physiological Benefits of CRT
		CRT Major Landmark Trials
		Moderate to Severe Heart Failure
		Mild Heart Failure
		Considerations at the CRT Implant
		Major Society Guidelines for CRT Implantation
		Nonresponders
		CRT in Selected Population
			Atrial Fibrillation
			Right Bundle Branch Block
			Patients with Pacemakers
			Patients with Ejection Fraction Greater than 35%
		Conclusion
		His Bundle Pacing
			Introduction
			Deleterious Effects of RV Pacing
			Anatomy of His Bundle
			Implantation Technique
			Terminologies in HBP: Selective vs Nonselective His Bundle Pacing
			Role of His Bundle Pacing
				His Bundle Pacing in Heart Failure
				His Bundle Pacing in AV Block
				Left Bundle Pacing
			Pitfalls and Challenges in His Bundle Pacing
			The Future
		References
	26: Anti-arrhythmic Effects of Non-anti-arrhythmic Drugs or Therapies
		Introduction
		Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers
		Potassium Channel Activator Nicorandil
		Antianginal Drug Ranolazine
		Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
		Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
		Anti-diabetic Medications
		HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)
		Gout Medications: Colchicine and Allopurinol
		Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
		Corticosteroids
		Naturally Occurring Compounds (Omega-3 Fatty Acid)
		Traditional Chinese Medicines
		Conclusion
		References
Part VI: Arrhythmias in Specific Populations
	27: Arrhythmias in the Athlete
		Bradyarrhythmias
		Heart Block
		Supraventricular Tachycardias
		Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT)
		Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia (AVRT)
		Atrial Tachycardia
		Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter
		Pre-participation Screening
		Inherited Arrhythmia Syndromes
		Commotio Cordis
		Emergency Action Plans
		Evaluation of the Athlete
		Treatment
		Updated ICD Recommendations
		Conclusion
		References
	28: Arrhythmias During Pregnancy and Postpartum
		Introduction
		Mechanism of Arrhythmia During Pregnancy
		Prevalence and Consequences of Arrhythmias During Pregnancy
		General Management Issues
			Diagnostic Testing During Pregnancy
			Antiarrhythmic Drugs
				Class IA Agents
				Class IB Agents
				Class IC Agents
				Class II Agents
				Class III Agents
				Class IV Agents
				Other Agents
			Electrical Cardioversion
			Catheter Ablation in Pregnancy
		The Management of Specific Arrhythmias During Pregnancy
			Tachyarrhythmias
				Sinus Tachycardia
				Atrial and Ventricular Ectopy
				Supraventricular Tachycardia
			Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter
			Ventricular Tachycardia and Sudden Cardiac Death
				Ventricular Tachycardia in Women with Structural Heart Disease
				Idiopathic Ventricular Tachycardia in Pregnant Women
				Long QT Syndrome
			Bradycardia and Conduction Disorders
			Cardiac Arrest
		Conclusion
		References
	29: Arrhythmias in Children and Patients with Congenital Heart Disease
		Introduction
		Embryology and Congenital Abnormalities of the Specialized Conduction System
			Levotransposition of the Great Arteries
			Tricuspid Atresia
			Ebstein Anomaly of the Tricuspid Valve
			Atrioventricular Septal Defect
			Heterotaxy
		Arrhythmias Associated with Common Congenital Heart Defects
			Atrial Septal Defect
			Ventricular Septal Defect
			Pulmonic Stenosis
			Aortic Stenosis
		Arrhythmias in Children and Adults Following Congenital Heart Surgery
			Sinoatrial Node Dysfunction
			Atrial Tachycardias
			Ventricular Tachycardia and Sudden Death
			Postoperative AV Block
		Clinical Conditions and Arrhythmias of Specific Concern to Infants, Children, and Teenagers
			Fetal Arrhythmias
			Congenital Complete Heart Block
			Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) and Preexcitation
			Chaotic Atrial Tachycardia and Atrial Flutter
			Congenital Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia
			Postoperative Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia
			Arrhythmias and Conduction Abnormalities Presenting in Childhood and Associated with Neuromuscular, Mitochondrial, Metabolic, Oncogene, and Transcription Factor Abnormalities
		Therapies for Pediatric Arrhythmias
			Pharmacologic Therapies
			Catheter Ablation
			Pacemakers in Children and in Congenital Heart Disease
			Implantable Cardioverter/Defibrillators
		References
Part VII: Inherited Cardiac Arrhythmia Syndromes
	30: J Wave Syndromes: Brugada and Early Repolarization Syndromes
		Introduction
		Prevalence of JWS and Arrhythmic SCD Risk Assessment
			Diagnostic Criteria
			Pharmacological Tests
			Differential Diagnosis and Modulating Factors
			Similarities and Difference Between BrS and ERS
		Genetics
		Ionic and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying the JWS
		Therapy of JWS
			Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
			Pacemaker Therapy
			Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) Therapy
			Pharmacologic Therapy
		References
	31: Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
		Introduction
		Etiology
		Clinical Presentation
		Clinical Diagnosis
		Differential Diagnosis
		Molecular Diagnostics
			DNA Testing
			CPVT Genes
			CPVT Phenocopies
		Therapy
			β-Blockers
			Calcium Channel Blockers
			Sodium Channel Blockers
			Left Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation
			Lifestyle
			Risk Stratification
			Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Indications
		Recommendations During Pregnancy and Delivery
		Family Screening
		References
	32: Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
		Introduction
		Pathogenesis
			Histopathological Features
			Molecular Genetic Features and Pathogenesis
		Clinical Presentation and Natural History
			Epidemiology
			Phenotypic Expression
			Differential Diagnosis
			Prognosis
		Clinical Diagnosis
		Prognosis and Treatment
			Risk Stratification
			Therapy
				Lifestyle Changes
				Drug Therapy
				Catheter Ablation
				ICD Therapy
				Heart Transplant
		References
	33: Congenital Long-QT Syndrome: From Genetics to Clinical Management
		Introduction
		Electrophysiological and Genetic Underpinnings of LQTS
		Clinical Presentation
			Type 1 LQTS (LQT1)
			Type 2 LQTS (LQT2)
			Type 3 LQTS (LQT3)
		Diagnosis
			Electrocardiography
			Exercise and Epinephrine Stress Testing
			Genetic Testing
		Risk Stratification and Clinical Management
			Risk Stratification
			General Precautions
			Pharmacologic Management
			Left Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation (LCSD)
			Device-Related Therapies
			Genotype-Guided Management
		Prevention
		Conclusions
		References
	34: Short QT Syndrome
		Introduction
		Definition
		Clinical Manifestation
		Diagnosis
		Genetics
		Cellular Basis of Arrhythmogenesis in SQTS
		Approach to Therapy of Patients with SQTS
			Device Therapy (ICD)
		Pharmacologic Therapy
		RF Ablation
		Conclusion
		References
Index