Male Infertility - Management of Infertile Men in Reproductive Medicine (Apr 10, 2024)_(0323930476)_(Elsevier)

Cover
Inside front cover
Front matter
	Male Infertility: Management of Infertile Men in Reproductive Medicine
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Foreword
	Short biography
Preface
About the Author
Contents
	Section 1 Definition, epidemiology, and implications of male infertility
	Section 2 Causes of male infertility
	Section 3 Diagnosis of male infertility
	Section 4 Medical treatment of male infertility
	Section 5 Surgical treatment of male infertility
	Section 6 Assisted reproduction, 283
	Section 7 Clinical practice guidelines for male infertility
	Section 8 Insights into the future of male infertility
1---Definition--epidemiology--and-implications-of-male-in_2025_Male-Infertil
	1 Definition, epidemiology, and implications of male infertility
		Key points
		Introduction
		Epidemiology of male infertility
		Health implications of male infertility
		Summary
		References
2---Pretesticular-causes-of-male-infertility_2025_Male-Infertility
	2 Pretesticular causes of male infertility
		Key points
		Introduction
		Physiopathology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
		Clinical picture and diagnosis
			Physical features
			Endocrine diagnostics
		Etiologies of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
			Genetic causes
			Drug-induced hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
			Additional nongenetic causes
				Hyperprolactinemia
				Stress and other causes
					Hemochromatosis.
					Sarcoidosis and tuberculosis.
					Other tumors.
					Empty sella syndrome (ESS).
					Traumatic brain injury.
			Partial hypogonadism and age-related conditions
			Toxins and lifestyle
			Obesity and associated conditions
		Medical treatment of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
		Clinical case scenarios
		Summary
		References
3---Testicular-causes-of-male-infertility_2025_Male-Infertility
	3 Testicular causes of male infertility
		Key points
		Introduction
		Congenital causes of male infertility
			Cryptorchidism
			Pathophysiology
		Genetic causes
			Klinefelter syndrome
			XX male syndrome
			47,XYY syndrome
			Translocations and inversions
			Y-chromosome microdeletions
			Gene mutations
		Infective causes
			Orchitis
		Disorders of spermatogenesis
			Germ cell aplasia (Sertoli cell–only syndrome)
			Structural sperm defects
				Globozoospermia
				Primary ciliary dyskinesia
		Testicular tumors
		Trauma to the testis
		Torsion of the testis
		Testicular microcalcifications
		Cell phone radiation
		Heat exposure
		Secondary testicular causes of male infertility
			Varicocele
			Gonadotoxins
				Drugs
				Radiotherapy
		Management of testicular causes of male infertility
			Basic clinical evaluation of the infertile male
				History
				Developmental history
				Sexual history
				Past medical history
				Past surgical history
				Personal and social history
				Family history
			Physical examination
				Genital examination
			Semen analysis
			Leukocytospermia testing
			Semen culture
			Antisperm antibody testing
			Endocrine evaluation
			Genetic evaluation
			Imaging
				Scrotal ultrasound
				Magnetic resonance imaging
			Testicular biopsy
		Treatment
			Preventive measures
			Medical treatment
			Surgical intervention
			Surgical sperm retrieval
		Clinical case scenarios
		Summary
		References
4---Posttesticular-causes-of-male-infertility_2025_Male-Infertility
	4 Posttesticular causes of male infertility
		Key points
		Introduction
		Posttesticular causes of male infertility
			Obstruction of the male reproductive tract
				Congenital causes
					Congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens.
					Congenital unilateral absence of vas deferens.
					Young syndrome.
					Ejaculatory duct obstruction.
				Acquired causes
					Vasectomy.
					Infection.
					Iatrogenic.
				Idiopathic
			Sexual dysfunction
				Erectile dysfunction
				Retrograde ejaculation
		Clinical scenarios
		Summary
		References
5---Environmental-lifestyle-factors-and-male-infertilit_2025_Male-Infertilit
	5 Environmental/lifestyle factors and male infertility
		Key points
		Introduction
		Environmental/occupational factors and male infertility
			Potential exposure routes for environmental/occupational factors
				Organochlorine compounds
				Organophosphorus compounds
				Carbamates
				Xenoestrogens (bisphenol A)
				Polychlorinated biphenyls
				Phthalates
				Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
				Dioxins
				Heavy metals
				Organic solvents
				Heat stress
			Lifestyle factors and male infertility
				Smoking/tobacco use
				Alcohol consumption
				Recreational drug use
				Physical exercise
				Obesity
				Psychological stress
				Radiation
				Advanced paternal age
				Dietary habits
				Caffeine intake
		Summary
		References
6---Idiopathic-male-infertility_2025_Male-Infertility
	6 Idiopathic male infertility
		Key points
		Introduction
			Definitions–idiopathic versus unexplained male infertility
			Epidemiology of idiopathic male infertility
		Etiology and prevailing theories
			Immunologic causes
			Endocrine disruption
			Role of the environment and lifestyle factors
			Molecular underpinnings of idiopathic male infertility (i.e., genetics and epigenetics)
			Male oxidative stress infertility
		Diagnosis of idiopathic male infertility
			Beyond a basic semen analysis
			Endocrine evaluation
			Measuring oxidative stress
			Molecular genetics and cytogenetic analysis
			Other testing
			Postejaculatory urine analysis
			Ultrasonography
			Antisperm antibodies
		Treatment of idiopathic male infertility
			Lack of guidelines
			Treatment options
			Lifestyle modification
			Empiric medical therapy including hormone-modulating treatment and associated outcomes
			Nutraceuticals, vitamins, and antioxidants
			Assisted reproductive technologies
			On the horizon
		Summary
		References
7---Medical-history-and-physical-examination-of-infertil_2025_Male-Infertili
	7 Medical history and physical examination of infertile males
		Key points
		Introduction
		History
			Objectives
			Fertility evaluation history list
				Type and duration of complaint
					Past medical history.
						Infections
							Epididymoorchitis.
							Sexually transmitted infections.
							Mumps infection.
							COVID-19 and vaccination.
							Urinary tract infections.
						Iatrogenic
							Exogenous testosterone and anabolic steroids.
							Medication history.
							Chemotherapy.
							Radiotherapy.
						Chronic diseases/comorbidities.
						Malignancy.
						Trauma.
						Pubertal history.
						Childhood urological disorders.
						Previous infertility treatments.
					Past surgical history.
					Social and lifestyle history.
					Family history.
					Sexual history.
					Female partner.
		Physical examination
			Objectives
			General examination
			Abdominal examination
			Genital examination
				Testis
				Epididymis
				Vas deferens
				Spermatic cord
				Phallus
				Digital rectal examination
		Telehealth and male infertility assessment
		Summary
		References
8---Basic-semen-analysis_2025_Male-Infertility
	8 Basic semen analysis
		Key points
		Introduction
		Basic semen examination—changes in the world health organization manual, 6th edition
			Macroscopic parameters
			Quantitative and qualitative study of sperm motility and determination of the presence of agglutinates and aggregates
			Sperm vitality
			Sperm concentration, sperm count, and round cell concentration
			Quantitative and qualitative study of sperm morphology
		Reference values
		Conclusion
		Summary
		References
9---Sperm-DNA-fragmentation-tests_2025_Male-Infertility
	9 Sperm DNA fragmentation tests
		Key points
		Introduction
		Sperm DNA structure
		Types of sperm DNA fragmentation
		DNA repair
		Causes of sperm DNA fragmentation
		Impact of SDF on reproductive outcomes
			Natural pregnancy
			Assisted reproductive technology
			Assessment tools for sperm DNA fragmentation
		Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay
		Sperm chromatin structure assay
		Sperm chromatin dispersion test
		Comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis)
		Current recommendations of sperm DNA fragmentation testing by professional societies
		Challenges of sperm DNA fragmentation testing in clinical practice
		Clinical scenarios
		Summary
		References
10---Genetic-and-genomic-tests-of-infertile-males_2025_Male-Infertility
	10 Genetic and genomic tests of infertile males
		Key points
		Introduction
		Genetic tests
			Chromosomal abnormalities and karyotype analysis
				Klinefelter syndrome
				46,XX male, de la chapelle syndrome
				47,XYY, Jacobs syndrome
				Mixed gonadal dysgenesis (45,X/46,XY mosaicism)
				Translocations
				Inversions
			Y-chromosome microdeletion screening
				Y-chromosome microdeletion screening
				Patient reproductive potential
			Monogenic diseases, gene mutations, polymorphisms, and copy number variations
				Hypothalamic disorders
				Pituitary disorders
				Noonan syndrome
				Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene screening
				X-chromosome genetic factors
				Monogenic defects and gene mutations
				Genetic polymorphisms
				Copy number variations
			Genetic testing recommendations
			Genetic counseling and management
		Genomic tests
			Genomics
			Transcriptomics
			Epigenomics
			Counseling and management
		Clinical/laboratory scenarios
		Summary
		Funding
		References
11---Computer-assisted-semen-analysis_2025_Male-Infertility
	11 Computer-assisted semen analysis
		Key points
		Introduction
		Description of different types of computed-assisted semen analysis systems
			Systems using phase-contrast microscopy
			Systems using electrooptics
		Semen examinations using computer-assisted semen analysis
			Computer-assisted semen analysis systems user guide
				Nature and quality of semen
				Dilution and pretreatment
				Sources of errors
				Decision trees
			Comparison of automated and manual analysis methods
				Sperm concentration and total sperm count
				Sperm motility
					Velocity parameters.
				Sperm morphology
		Recommendations, advantages, and disadvantages of computer-assisted semen analysis systems
			International recommendations
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
		Perspectives and emerging technologies
			Sperm DNA fragmentation and acrosome reaction tests using computer-assisted semen analysis systems
			Emerging technologies
		Summary
		References
12---Seminal-oxidative-stress-and-reactive-oxygen-species_2025_Male-Infertil
	12 Seminal oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species testing
		Key points
		Introduction
		Sources of reactive oxygen species in the male reproductive tract
			Endogenous reactive oxygen species
				Defective and immature spermatozoa
				Leukocytes
			Exogenous reactive oxygen species
				Environmental toxins, pollution, heat, and radiation
				Individual lifestyle factors
		Antioxidant regulation of reactive oxygen species in the male reproductive tract
			Endogenous antioxidants in the male reproductive tract
			Exogenous antioxidants
			Overdosage of antioxidants and reductive stress
		Physiological role of reactive oxygen species in male reproduction and fertility
		Pathological effects of oxidative stress in male reproduction
			Lipid peroxidation
			Chromatin and DNA damage
			Apoptosis
		Seminal biomarkers of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress
			Direct methods
				Chemiluminescence
				Intracellular reactive oxygen species
					Flow cytometry.
				Fluorescence microscopy
				Nitroblue tetrazolium test
				Cytochrome c reduction
				Electron spin resonance
				Oxidation reduction potential
			Indirect methods
				Lipid peroxidation
					Determination of malondialdehyde.
					C11-BODIPY581/591.
				Myeloperoxidase
				Sperm DNA fragmentation
					Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick ending labeling assay.
					Sperm chromatin structure assay.
					Sperm chromatin dispersion test.
					Comet assay.
				Total antioxidant capacity
		Summary
		References
13---Assessment-of-reproductive-hormones-in-infertile-ma_2025_Male-Infertili
	13 Assessment of reproductive hormones in infertile males
		Key points
		Introduction
		Gonadotropins
		Testosterone and testicular androgens
		The human spermatogenesis
		Pretesticular causes: The hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis
		Testicular causes: Primary testicular failure
		Laboratory assessment
		Clinical case scenarios
		Summary
		References
14---Imaging-in-male-factor-infertility_2025_Male-Infertility
	14 Imaging in male factor infertility
		Key points
		Introduction
		Male reproductive gross anatomy
			Testis
			Epididymis
			Vas deferens
			Seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts
			Prostate gland
		Basic principles of ultrasonography
		Basic principles of computed tomography
		Basic principles of magnetic resonance imaging
		Testis imaging
			Doppler ultrasonography
			Magnetic resonance imaging
		Epididymis imaging
			Ultrasonography
			Magnetic resonance imaging
		Vas deferens imaging
			Vasogram
		Seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct imaging
			Transrectal ultrasonography
			Computed tomography
			Magnetic resonance imaging
		Summary
		References
15---Hormonal-therapy-of-male-infertility_2025_Male-Infertility
	15 Hormonal therapy of male infertility
		Key points
		Introduction
		Hormonal therapy of infertile males
			Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
			Follicle-stimulating hormone
			Human chorionic gonadotropin
			Selective estrogen receptor modulators
			Aromatase inhibitors
		Clinical case scenarios
			Example of hormonal treatment of a patient with central hypogonadism
			Example of hormonal treatment of a patient with idiopathic oligozoospermia
		Summary
		References
16---Antioxidants-therapy-of-male-infertility_2025_Male-Infertility
	16 Antioxidants therapy of male infertility
		Key points
		Introduction
		Protective action of antioxidants
		Impact of antioxidant therapy of infertile males on semen parameters
		Impact of antioxidant therapy of infertile males on pregnancy outcomes
		Practice patterns of the use of antioxidant therapy in male infertility
		Professional societies’ guidelines of antioxidant therapy in male infertility
		Limitations of antioxidant therapy in male infertility
		Summary
		References
17---Antibiotic-therapy-of-male-infertility_2025_Male-Infertility
	17 Antibiotic therapy of male infertility
		Key points
		Introduction
		Semen and testicular microbiomes
		Seminal microbiome and assisted reproductive technique outcome
		Diagnosis of genital tract infection
			Assessment of seminal round cells
			Immunochemistry
			Seminal granulocyte elastase test
			Peroxidase test
		Impact of leukocytospermia on male fertility
		Antibiotics therapy of male infertility
			Treatment of leukocytospermia: Pros and cons
			Aminoglycosides
			Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
			Tetracycline
			Fluoroquinolones
		Overview of the current guidelines
		Antibiotics as adjuvants in assisted reproductive technique
		Clinical case scenarios
		Antibiotic alternatives
		Summary
		References
18---Alternative-therapy-of-male-infertility_2025_Male-Infertility
	18 Alternative therapy of male infertility
		Key points
		Introduction
		Nutrition and male fertility
		Malnutrition/nutrient deficiencies and male infertility
		Herbal treatment for male infertility
		Herbs with positive effects on sperm quality
		Herbs with negative effects on sperm quality
		Physical exercise and male fertility
		The positive impact of exercise on male fertility
		The negative impact of exercise on male fertility
		Psychological and behavioral therapy
		Effects of psychological stress on reproductive function
		Treatment of psychological stress–related disease
		Clinical/laboratory case scenario
		Summary
		References
19---Varicocele-repair-in-infertile-males_2025_Male-Infertility
	19 Varicocele repair in infertile males
		Key points
		Introduction
		Pathogenesis of varicocele
		Diagnosis and grading of varicocele
		Impact of varicocele on male fertility
			Mechanisms of varicocele-induced male infertility
			Impact on sperm parameters and sperm DNA integrity
		Society guidelines
		Types of intervention
			Percutaneous repair
			Surgical repair
		Outcomes of intervention
			Impact on semen analysis parameters
			Impact on reproductive hormones
			Impact on spontaneous pregnancy rates
			Impact on assisted reproductive technology outcomes
		Complications of varicocelectomy
		Summary
		Clinical case scenarios
		References
20---Management-of-ejaculatory-duct-obstruction_2025_Male-Infertility
	20 Management of ejaculatory duct obstruction
		Key points
		Introduction
		Epidemiology of obstruction of male reproductive tract
		Anatomical considerations
		Functional considerations
		Etiology and pathophysiology of ejaculatory duct obstruction
		Evaluation of ejaculatory duct obstruction
			History and physical examination
			Laboratory testing
			Imaging studies and other diagnostic procedures
				Transrectal ultrasound
				Magnetic resonance imaging
				Seminal vesicle aspiration
				Seminal vesicle chromotubation
				Seminal vesiculography
				Manometry
		Differential diagnosis of ejaculatory duct obstruction
			Causes of low-volume ejaculate
			“Taha’s lows” in seminal vesicle hypofunction disorders
		Treatment of ejaculatory duct obstruction
			Transurethral resection of ejaculatory duct
				Technique
				Transurethral resection of the ejaculatory duct outcomes
				Complications of transurethral resection of the ejaculatory duct
			Other procedures
				Seminal vesiculoscopy
				Balloon dilation
				Aspiration of midline prostatic cysts
			Treatment of functional ejaculatory duct obstruction
			Sperm retrieval and assisted reproduction techniques
		Clinical case scenario
		Summary
		References
21---Surgical-sperm-retrieval-and-processing-for-assisted-r_2025_Male-Infert
	21 Surgical sperm retrieval and processing for assisted reproductive technology
		Key points
		Introduction
		Narrative review
			Surgical sperm retrieval methods
				Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration5
				Microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration6
				Testicular sperm aspiration7
				Testicular sperm extraction9
				Microdissection testicular sperm extraction11
			Timing of sperm retrieval
			Processing surgically retrieved sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection
			Selection of surgically retrieved sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection
				Mechanical touch technique
				Hypoosmotic swelling test
				Chemical motility enhancers
				Laser-assisted immotile sperm selection
				Birefringence-polarization microscopy
				Artificial intelligence
			Artificial oocyte activation
			Mechanical activation
			Electrical activation
			Chemical activation
				Agents inducing single calcium transients
					Calcium ionophores.
				Agents inducing oscillatory calcium signaling
					Thimerosal.
					Strontium.
					Recombinant phospholipase Cζ.
				Oocyte activation independent of the initial calcium trigger
					Puromycin.
			Sperm selection methods
		Summary
		References
22---Intrauterine-insemination-with-homologous-semen_2025_Male-Infertility
	22 Intrauterine insemination with homologous semen
		Key points
		Introduction
		Diagnostic work-up before intrauterine insemination and when to start with intrauterine insemination
		Indications for intrauterine insemination with partner semen
			Retrograde ejaculation
			Cervical factor infertility
			Male factor infertility
			Immunologic male infertility
			Unexplained infertility
			Minimal and mild endometriosis
			Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus in discordant couples
			Sex preselection
		Factors influencing intrauterine insemination outcome
			Duration of infertility
			Male and female age
			Semen quality and oxidative stress
			Sperm preparation techniques
			Ovarian hyperstimulation or natural cycle
			Luteal phase support
			Lifestyle
			Site of insemination
			Timing and number of intrauterine insemination cycles
			Immobilization after intrauterine insemination
			The effect of the abstinence period
			Human papilloma virus
			Insemination technique
		Perinatal outcome after intrauterine insemination/prevention of multiple pregnancies
		Cost effectiveness of intrauterine insemination
			Recommendations for the future
		Summary
		References
23---In-vitro-fertilization-intracytoplasmic-sperm-injec_2025_Male-Infertili
	23 In vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection
		Key points
		Introduction
			History of in vitro fertilization
		Indications for in vitro fertilization
			Tubal disease
			Ovulatory dysfunction
			Male factor
			Endometriosis
			Unexplained infertility
			Fertility preservation
			Oocyte and sperm donation
			Gestational surrogates
		Current technique of in vitro fertilization
			Current success rates of in vitro fertilization
		Improvements in in vitro fertilization techniques over the past 30 years
			Stimulation protocols
			Oocyte retrievals
			Assisted hatching
			Preimplantation genetic testing–A and preimplantation genetic testing–M
			Laboratory equipment, culture media, and environment
			Cryopreservation and vitrification
			Single embryo transfer versus double embryo transfer
			Endometrium
			Embryo transfer
		Advances of intracytoplasmic sperm injection—improvements over the last 30 years
			The development of intracytoplasmic sperm injection
			Intracytoplasmic sperm injection for male factor infertility
			Factors affecting intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes
			Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: Recent advances
				Sperm sorting methods
			Intracytoplasmic sperm injection and perinatal outcomes
		Clinical case scenarios
		Summary
		References
24---Techniques-for-selection-of-surgically-retrieved-sperm-_2025_Male-Infer
	24 Techniques for selection of surgically retrieved sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection
		Key points
		Introduction
		Surgically retrieved sperm selection
			Dissection methods
			Erythrocyte lysis
			Enzymatic digestion
			Primordial cell identification
		Sperm selection methods
			Pentoxifylline
			Theophylline
			Calcium ionophore
			Hypoosmotic swelling test
			Sperm tail flexibility test
			Laser-assisted immotile sperm selection
		Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection
			Magnetic-activated cell sorting
		Microfluidics-based sperm selection techniques
		Clinical case scenarios
		Summary
		References
25---Sperm-banking_2025_Male-Infertility
	25 Sperm banking
		Key points
		Introduction
		Indications of sperm cryopreservation
			Cryopreservation media
		Sperm cryopreservation
			Slow cryopreservation
			Sperm vitrification
			Options for sperm storage following cryopreservation
			Thawing and preparation of cryopreserved sperm
			Assisted reproductive outcomes of male cancer survivors
		Assisted reproductive technique outcomes with frozen donor sperm
		Emergence of field of oncofertility and its importance in assisted reproductive technique
		Management of cryobanking services and facilities
		General requirements for sperm banking
		Conclusions
		Summary
		References
26---Guidelines-of-the-American-society-for-reproductive-medici_2025_Male-In
	26 Guidelines of the American society for reproductive medicine, American urological association, and European association of urology
		Key points
		Introduction
		Causes and risk factors of male infertility
		Diagnosis of male infertility
			History of male partners for initial infertility evaluation
			Physical examination
			Semen analysis
			Hormonal evaluation of the male partner
			Genetic assessment
				Chromosomal abnormalities
				Y chromosome microdeletions
				Cystic fibrosis gene mutations
			Imaging
		Management of male infertility before the assisted reproductive technology stage
			Noninvasive treatment modalities for male infertility
				Empirical treatments for idiopathic male infertility and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia
				Hormonal therapy
			Surgical treatment modalities for male infertility
				Varicocelectomy
				Sperm retrieval methods
			Management of obstructive azoospermia
			Management of nonobstructive azoospermia
		Male infertility management with assisted reproductive techniques
		Clinical/laboratory case scenario
		Summary
		References
27---Expert-opinion--Management-of-male-infertility-in-the-po_2025_Male-Infe
	27 Expert opinion: Management of male infertility in the postintracytoplasmic sperm injection era
		Key points
		Introduction
		The importance of evaluating and treating male infertility
		Controversies in evaluation of an infertile male
			Interpretation of semen analysis
			Testing for sperm DNA fragmentation
			Genetic testing
			Varicocele
			Azoospermia
		Conclusion
		Summary
		References
28---Clinical-perspective-in-the-postintracyoplasmic-sperm_2025_Male-Inferti
	28 Clinical perspective in the postintracyoplasmic sperm injection era
		Key points
		Introduction
		Role of epigenetics in the management of male infertility
			Methylation
			Acetylation
			Phosphorylation
			Ubiquitination (ubiquitylation)
			Epigenetics and male infertility-associated conditions
		Role of proteomics in the management of male infertility
			Techniques of sperm proteomics
			Diagnostic and prognostic potentials of sperm proteomics in male infertility
		Optimizing sperm selection techniques for intracytoplasmic sperm injection
		Molecular markers for predicting sperm retrieval in nonobstructive azoospermia
			Future modalities of sperm retrieval for patients with nonobstructive azoospermia
			Multiphoton microscopy
			Orbeye
			Raman spectroscopy
			Full-field optical coherence tomography
		The future of stem cell therapy in male infertility
		Fertility preservation in cancer patients
		Role of artificial intelligence in the practice of male infertility
		Summary
		References
29---Research-perspectives-in-the-postintracytoplasmic-spe_2025_Male-Inferti
	29 Research perspectives in the postintracytoplasmic sperm injection era
		Introduction
		New developments in androurological diagnostics
			Artificial intelligence in semen analysis
				Home test kits
			Measurement of seminal redox stress
		Utility of artificial intelligence in reproductive medicine
			Sperm separation for assisted reproductive technology
				Current sperm separation methods
				Sperm movement through the female reproductive tract
				Microfluidics as advanced sperm selection method
				Combination of microfluidics with other techniques
				Artificial intelligence
				Integrated microfluidic system with assisted reproductive technology
			Artificial intelligence for ovarian stimulation, oocyte collection, and embryo culture
			Oocyte collection
			Embryo culture
		Applications of stem cell research in male fertility preservation
		Summary
		References
Inside-back-cover_2025_Male-Infertility
	Inside back cover
No-title-available_2025_Male-Infertility
	Index
		A
		B
		C
		D
		E
		F
		G
		H
		I
		J
		K
		L
		M
		N
		O
		P
		R
		S
		T
		U
		V
		X
		Y
Blank Page