Maintenance and safety of aging infrastructure

 Content: Editorial  About the Book Series Editor  Preface  About the Editors  Contributors List  Author Data    1 Reliability-based Durability Design and Service Life Assessment of Concrete Structures in a Marine Environment  Mitsuyoshi Akiyama, Dan M. Frangopol and Hiroshi Matsuzaki 1.1 Introduction  1.2 Durability Design Criterion of RC Structures in a Marine Environment  1.2.1 Reliability Prediction  1.2.2 Durability Design Criterion based on Reliability  1.3 Life-cycle Reliability Estimation of Deteriorated Existing RC Structures  1.3.1 Effect of Spatial Distribution of Rebar Corrosion on Flexural Capacity of RC Beams  1.3.2 Updating the Reliability of Existing RC Structures by Incorporating Spatial Variability  1.4 Conclusions  1.5 References    2 Designing Bridges for Inspectability and Maintainability  Sreenivas Alampalli 2.1 Introduction  2.2 Bridge Inspection  2.3 Bridge Maintenance  2.4 Role of Planning and Design  2.5 Designing for Inspectability and Maintainability  2.5.1 Bridge Type Selection  2.5.1.1 Redundancy  2.5.1.2 Jointless Bridges  2.5.1.3 Weathering Steel  2.5.1.4 Skew  2.5.1.5 Material Type  2.5.2 Bridge Details  2.5.2.1 Bearings and Jacking Details  2.5.2.2 Deck Drainage and Scuppers  2.5.2.3 Joints  2.5.2.4 Steel Details  2.5.3 Access  2.5.3.1 Abutments and Piers  2.5.3.2 Trusses and Arches  2.5.3.3 Girder Bridges  2.5.3.4 Bridge Railing and Fencing  2.6 Complex, Unique and Signature Bridges  2.6.1 Specialized Procedures Requirement for Complex and Unique Bridges  2.6.2 Movable Bridges  2.6.3 Signature Bridges  2.6.4 Bridge Security  2.7 Conclusions  2.8 References    3 Structural Vulnerability Measures for Assessment of Deteriorating Bridges in Seismic Prone Areas  Alice Alipour and Behrouz Shafei 3.1 Introduction  3.2 Numerical Modeling of Chloride Intrusion  3.2.1 Evaporable Water Content  3.2.2 Chloride Binding Capacity  3.2.3 Reference Chloride Diffusion Coefficient  3.3 Chloride Diffusion Coefficient  3.3.1 Ambient Temperature  3.3.2 Relative Humidity  3.3.3 Age of Concrete  3.3.4 Free Chloride Content  3.4 Estimation of Corrosion Initiation Time  3.5 Extent of Structural Degradation  3.6 Reinforced Concrete Bridge Models  3.6.1 Material Properties  3.6.2 Superstructure  3.6.3 Columns  3.6.4 Abutments  3.6.5 Foundation  3.7 Structural Capacity Evaluation of Deteriorating Bridges  3.8 Seismic Performance of Deteriorating Bridges  3.8.1 Probabilistic Life-Time Fragility Analysis  3.8.2 Seismic Vulnerability Index for Deteriorating Bridges  3.9 Conclusions  3.10 References    4 Design Knowledge Gain by Structural Health Monitoring  Stefania Arangio and Franco Bontempi 4.1 Introduction  4.2 Knowledge and Design  4.3 System Engineering Approach & Performance-based Design  4.4 Structural Dependability  4.5 Structural Health Monitoring  4.5.1 Structural Identification  4.5.2 Neural Network-Based Data Processing  4.6 Knowledge Gain by Structural Health Monitoring: A Case Study  4.6.1 Description of the Considered Bridge and Its Monitoring System  4.6.2 Application of the Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition  4.6.3 Application of a Neural Networks-Based Approach  4.7 Conclusions  4.8 References    5 Emerging Concepts and Approaches for Efficient and Realistic Uncertainty Quantification  Michael Beer, Ioannis A. Kougioumtzoglou and Edoardo Patelli 5.1 Introduction  5.2 Advanced Stochastic Modelling and Analysis Techniques  5.2.1 General Remarks  5.2.2 Versatile Signal Processing Techniques for Spectral Estimation in Civil Engineering  5.2.2.1 Spectral Analysis: The Fourier Transform  5.2.2.2 Non-Stationary Spectral Analysis  5.2.3 Spectral Analysis Subject to Limited and/or Missing Data  5.2.3.1 Fourier Transform with Zeros  5.2.3.2 Clean Deconvolution  5.2.3.3 Autoregressive Estimation  5.2.3.4 Least Squares Spectral Analysis  5.2.3.5 Artificial Neural Networks: A Potential Future Research Path  5.2.4 Path Integral Techniques for Efficient Response Determination and Reliability Assessment of Civil Engineering Structures and Infrastructure  5.2.4.1 Numerical Path Integral Techniques: Discrete Chapman-Kolmogorov Equation Formulation  5.2.4.2 Approximate/Analytical Wiener Path Integral Techniques  5.3 Generalised Uncertainty Models  5.3.1 Problem Description  5.3.2 Classification of Uncertainties  5.3.3 Imprecise Probability  5.3.4 Engineering Applications of Imprecise Probability  5.3.5 Fuzzy Probabilities  5.3.6 Engineering Applications of Fuzzy Probability  5.4 Monte Carlo Techniques  5.4.1 General Remarks  5.4.2 History of Monte Carlo and Random Number Generators  5.4.2.1 Random Number Generator  5.4.3 Realizations of Random Variables and Stochastic Processes  5.4.4 Evaluation of Integrals  5.4.5 Advanced Methods and Future Trends  5.4.5.1 Sequential Monte Carlo  5.4.6 High Performance Computing  5.4.7 Approaches to Lifetime Predictions  5.4.7.1 Monte Carlo Simulation of Crack Initiation  5.4.7.2 Monte Carlo Simulation of Crack Propagation  5.4.7.3 Monte Carlo Simulation of Other Degradation Processes  5.4.7.4 Lifetime Prediction and Maintenance Schedules  5.5 Conclusions  5.6 References    6 Time-Variant Robustness of Aging Structures  Fabio Biondini and Dan M. Frangopol 6.1 Introduction  6.2 Damage Modeling  6.2.1 Deterioration Patterns  6.2.2 Deterioration Rate  6.2.3 Local and Global Measures of Damage  6.3 Structural Performance Indicators  6.3.1 Parameters of Structural Behavior  6.3.2 Pseudo-Loads  6.3.3 Failure Loads and Failure Times  6.4 Measure of Structural Robustness  6.5 Role of Performance Indicators and Structural Integrity  6.5.1 A Comparative Study  6.5.2 Structural Integrity Index  6.6 Damage Propagation  6.6.1 Propagation Mechanisms  6.6.2 Fault-Tree Analysis  6.7 Structural Robustness and Progressive Collapse  6.8 Structural Robustness and Static Indeterminacy  6.9 Structural Robustness, Structural Redundancy and Failure Times  6.9.1 Case Study  6.9.2 Corrosion Damage and Failure Loads  6.9.3 Robustness and Redundancy  6.9.4 Failure Times  6.10 Role of Uncertainty and Probabilistic Analysis  6.11 Conclusions  6.12 References    7 Extending Fatigue Life of Bridges Beyond 100 Years by using Monitored Data  Eugen Bruhwiler 7.1 Introduction  7.2 Proposed Approach  7.2.1 Introduction  7.2.2 Structural Safety Verification Format  7.2.3 Determination of Updated Action Effect  7.2.4 Safety Requirements  7.3 Case Study of a Riveted Railway Bridge  7.3.1 Description of the Bridge  7.3.2 Model for Structural Analysis  7.3.3 Monitoring  7.3.4 Fatigue Safety Verification  7.3.4.1 Step 1: Fatigue Safety Verification with Respect to the Fatigue Limit  7.3.4.2 Step 2: Fatigue Damage Accumulation Calculation and Fatigue Safety Verification  7.3.5 Discussion of the Results  7.4 Case Study of a Highway Bridge Deck in Posttensioned Concrete  7.4.1 Motivation  7.4.2 Monitoring System  7.4.3 Investigation of Extreme Action Effects  7.4.4 Investigation of Fatigue Action Effects  7.4.5 Discussion of the Results  7.5 Conclusions  7.6 References    8 Management and Safety of Existing Concrete Structures via Optical Fiber Distributed Sensing  Joan R. Casas, Sergi Villalba and Vicens Villalba 8.1 Introduction  8.2 OBR Technology: Description and Background  8.3 Application to Concrete Structures  8.3.1 Laboratory Test in a Reinforced Concrete Slab  8.3.1.1 OBR Sensors Application  8.3.2 Prestressed Concrete Bridge  8.3.2.1 Reading Strains under 400kN Truck  8.3.2.2 Reading Strains under Normal Traffic and 400kN Static Load  8.3.3 Concrete Cooling Tower  8.3.3.1 OBR sensors application  8.4 Results and Discussion  8.5 Conclusions  8.6 References    9 Experimental Dynamic Assessment of Civil Infrastructure  Alvaro Cunha, Elsa Caetano, Filipe Magalhaes and Carlos Moutinho 9.1 Dynamic Testing and Continuous Monitoring of Civil Structures  9.2 Excitation and Vibration Measurement Devices  9.3 Modal Identification  9.3.1 Overview of EMA and OMA Methods  9.3.2 Pre-processing  9.3.3 Frequency Domain Decomposition  9.3.4 Stochastic Subspace Identification  9.3.5 Poly-reference Least Squares Frequency Domain  9.4 Mitigation of Environmental Effects on Modal Estimates and Vibration Based Damage Detection  9.5 Examples of Dynamic Testing and Continuous Dynamic Monitoring  9.5.1 Dynamic Testing  9.5.2 Continuous Dynamic Monitoring  9.5.2.1 Continuous Monitoring of Pedro e Ines Lively Footbridge  9.5.2.2 Continuous Monitoring of Infante D. Henrique Bridge  9.5.2.3 Continuous Monitoring of Braga Stadium Suspension Roof  9.6 Conclusions  9.7 References    10 Two Approaches for the Risk Assessment of Aging Infrastructure with Applications  David De Leon Escobedo, David Joaquin Delgado-Hernandez and Juan Carlos Arteaga-Arcos 10.1 Introduction  10.2 Use of the Expected Life-Cycle Cost to Derive Inspection Times and Optimal Safety Levels  10.2.1 Highway Concrete Bridge in Mexico  10.2.2 Oil Offshore Platform in Mexico  10.2.2.1 Assessment of Structural Damage  10.2.2.2 Initial, Damage and Life-Cycle Cost  10.2.2.3 Optimal Design of an Offshore Platform  10.2.2.4 Effects of Epistemic Uncertainties  10.2.2.5 Minimum Life-Cycle Cost Designs  10.3 Using Bayesian Networks to Assess the Economical Effectiveness of Maintenance Alternatives  10.3.1 Bayesian Networks  10.3.2 BN for the Risk Assessment of Earth Dams in Central Mexico  10.4 Conclusions and Recommendations  10.5 References    11 Risk-based Maintenance of Aging Ship Structures  Yordan Garbatov and Carlos Guedes Soares 11.1 Introduction  11.2 Corrosion Deterioration Modelling  11.3 Nonlinear Corrosion Wastage Model Structures  11.3.1 Corrosion Wastage Model Accounting for Repair  11.3.2 Corrosion Wastage Model Accounting for the Environment  11.3.3 Corrosion Degradation Surface Modelling  11.4 Risk-based Maintenance Planning  11.4.1 Analysing Failure Data  11.4.2 Optimal Replacement - Minimization of Cost  11.4.3 Optimal Replacement - Minimization of Downtime  11.4.4 Optimal Inspection to Maximize the Availability  11.4.5 Comparative Analysis of Corroded Deck Plates  11.4.6 Risk-based Maintenance of Tankers and Bulk Carriers  11.5 Conclusions  11.6 References    12 Investigating Pavement Structure Deterioration with a Relative Evaluation Model  Kiyoyuki Kaito, Kiyoshi Kobayashi and Kengo Obama 12.1 Introduction  12.2 Framework of the Study  12.2.1 Deterioration Characteristics of the Pavement Structure  12.2.2 Benchmarking and Relative Evaluation  12.3 Mixed Markov Deterioration Hazard Model  12.3.1 Preconditions for Model Development  12.3.2 Mixed Markov Deterioration Hazard Model  12.3.3 Estimation of a Mixed Markov Deterioration Hazard Model  12.3.4 Estimation of the Heterogeneity Parameter  12.4 Benchmarking and Evaluation Indicator  12.4.1 Benchmarking Evaluation  12.4.2 Road Surface State Inspection and Benchmarking  12.4.3 Relative Evaluation and the Extraction of Intensive Monitoring Sections  12.4.4 FWD Survey and the Diagnosis of the Deterioration of a Pavement Structure  12.5 Application Study  12.5.1 Outline  12.5.2 Estimation Results  12.5.3 Relative Evaluation of Deterioration Rate  12.5.4 FWD Survey for Structural Diagnosis  12.5.5 Relation between the Heterogeneity Parameter and the Results of the FWD Survey  12.5.6 Perspectives for Future Studies  12.6 Conclusions  12.7 References    13 Constructs for Quantifying the Long-term Effectiveness of Civil Infrastructure Interventions  Steven Lavrenz, Jackeline Murillo Hoyos and Samuel Labi 13.1 Introduction  13.2 The Constructs for Measuring Interventions Effectiveness  13.2.1 Life of the Intervention  13.2.1.1 Age-based Approach  13.2.1.2 Condition-based Approach  13.2.1.3 The Issue of Censoring and Truncation on the Age- and Condition-based Approaches  13.2.2 Extension in the Life of the Infrastructure due to the Intervention  13.2.3 Increase in Average Performance of the Infrastructure over the Intervention Life  13.2.4 Increased Area Bounded by Infrastructure Performance Curve due to the Intervention  13.2.5 Reduction in the Cost of Maintenance or Operations Subsequent to the Intervention  13.2.6 Decrease in the Likelihood that a Specific Distress will Start to Occur within a Specified Time Period After the Intervention; or, the Increase in Time Taken for Distress to Initiate  13.3 Conclusions  13.4 References    14 Risk Assessment and Wind Hazard Mitigation of Power Distribution Poles  Yue Li, Mark G. Stewart and Sigridur Bjarnadottir 14.1 Introduction  14.2 Design of Distribution Poles  14.3 Design (Nominal) Load (Sn)  14.4 Design (Nominal) Resistance (Rn) and Degradation of Timber Poles  14.5 Hurricane Risk Assessment of Timber Poles  14.6 Hurricane Mitigation Strategies and Their Cost-effectiveness  14.6.1 Mitigation Strategies  14.6.2 Cost of Replacement (Crep) and Annual Replacement Rate (delta)  14.6.3 Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCC) for Cost-effectiveness Evaluation  14.7 Illustrative Example  14.7.1 Design  14.7.2 Risk Assessment  14.7.2.1 Hurricane Fragility  14.7.2.2 Updated Annual pf Considering Effects of Degradation and Climate Change  14.7.3 Cost-effectiveness of Mitigation Strategies  14.8 Conclusions  14.9 References    15 A Comparison between MDP-based Optimization Approaches for Pavement Management Systems  Aditya Medury and Samer Madanat 15.1 Introduction  15.2 Methodology  15.2.1 Top-Down Approach  15.2.2 Bottom-Up Approaches  15.2.2.1 Two Stage Bottom-Up Approach  15.2.2.2 Modified Two Stage Bottom-Up Approach: Incorporating Lagrangian Relaxation Methods  15.2.3 Obtaining Facility-Specific Policies using Top-Down Approach: A Simultaneous Network Optimization Approach  15.3 Parametric Study  15.3.1 Results  15.3.2 Implementation Issues  15.4 Conclusions and Future Work  15.5 References    16 Corrosion and Safety of Structures in Marine Environments  Robert E. Melchers 16.1 Introduction  16.2 Structural Reliability Theory  16.3 Progression of Corrosion with Time  16.4 Plates, Ships, Pipelines and Sheet Piling  16.5 Mooring Chains  16.6 Extreme Value representation of Maximum Pit Depth Uncertainty  16.7 Effect of Applying the Frechet Extreme Value Distribution  16.8 Discussion of the Results  16.9 Conclusions  16.10 References    17 Retrofitting and Refurbishment of Existing Road Bridges  Claudio Modena, Giovanni Tecchio, Carlo Pellegrino, Francesca da Porto, Mariano Angelo Zanini and Marco Dona 17.1 Introduction  17.2 Retrofitting and Refurbishment of Common RC Bridge Typologies  17.2.1 Degradation Processes  17.2.1.1 Concrete Deterioration due to Water Penetration  17.2.1.2 Cracking and Spalling of Concrete Cover due to Carbonation and Bar Oxidation  17.2.2 Original Design and Construction Defects  17.2.3 Rehabilitation and Retrofit of Existing RC Bridges  17.2.3.1 Rehabilitation and Treatment of the Deteriorated Surfaces  17.2.3.2 Static Retrofit  17.2.3.3 Seismic Retrofit  17.2.3.4 Functional Refurbishment  17.3 Assessment and Retrofitting of Common Steel Bridge Typologies  17.3.1 Original Design Defects - Fatigue Effects  17.3.2 Degradation Processes  17.3.3 Rehabilitation and Retrofit of the Existing Steel Decks  17.3.3.1 Repair Techniques for Corroded Steel Members  17.3.3.2 Rehabilitation and Strengthening Techniques for Fatigue-induced Cracks  17.4 Assessment and Retrofitting of Common Masonry Bridge Typologies  17.4.1 Degradation Processes and Original Design Defects  17.4.2 Rehabilitation and Retrofit of Existing Masonry Arch Bridges  17.4.2.1 Barrel Vault  17.4.2.2 Spandrel Walls, Piers, Abutments and Foundations  17.5 Conclusions  17.6 References    18 Stochastic Control Approaches for Structural Maintenance  Konstantinos G. Papakonstantinou and Masanobu Shinozuka 18.1 Introduction  18.2 Discrete Stochastic Optimal Control with Full Observability  18.2.1 State Augmentation  18.3 Stochastic Optimal Control with Partial Observability  18.3.1 Bellman Backups  18.4 Value Function Approximation Methods  18.4.1 Approximations based on MDP and Q-functions  18.4.2 Grid-based Approximations  18.4.3 Point-based Solvers  18.4.3.1 Perseus Algorithm  18.5 Optimum Inspection and Maintenance Policies with POMDPs  18.5.1 POMDP Modeling  18.5.1.1 States and Maintenance Actions  18.5.1.2 Observations and Inspection Actions  18.5.1.3 Rewards  18.5.1.4 Joint Actions and Summary  18.6 Results  18.6.1 Infinite Horizon Results  18.6.2 Finite Horizon Results  18.7 Conclusions  18.8 References    19 Modeling Inspection Uncertainties for On-site Condition Assessment using NDT Tools  Franck Schoefs 19.1 Introduction  19.2 Uncertainty Identification and Modeling during Inspection  19.2.1 Sources of Uncertainties: From the Tool to the Decision  19.2.1.1 Aleatory Uncertainties  19.2.1.2 Epistemic Uncertainties  19.2.2 Epistemic and Aleatory Uncertainty Modelling  19.2.2.1 Probabilistic Modeling of PoD and PFA from Signal Theory  19.2.2.2 Probabilistic Assessment of PoD and PFA from Statistics (Calibration)  19.2.2.3 The ROC Curve as Decision Aid-Tool and Method for Detection Threshold Selection: The alpha-delta Method  19.2.2.4 Case of Multiple Inspections  19.2.2.5 Spatial and Time Dependence of ROC Curves and Detection Threshold for Degradation Processes  19.3 Recent Concepts for Decision  19.3.1 Bayesian Modeling for Introducing New Quantities  19.3.2 Discussion on the Assessment of PCE  19.3.3 Definition of the Cost Function for a Risk Assessment  19.3.3.1 Modelling and Illustration  19.3.3.2 Use of the alpha-delta Method  19.3.4 Definition of a Two Stage Inspection Model  19.4 Recent Developpements about Spatial Fields Assesment and Data Fusion  19.5 Summary  19.6 References    20 The Meaning of Condition Description and Inspection Data Quality in Engineering Structure Management  Marja-Kaarina Soderqvist 20.1 Introduction  20.2 Engineering Structures  20.3 The Inspection System  20.3.1 General Description  20.3.2 Goals of Inspection  20.3.3 Inspection Types and Intervals  20.3.4 Handbooks and Guidelines  20.3.5 Inspection Data  20.3.6 Use of Inspection Results  20.4 Condition Indicators  20.4.1 General  20.4.2 Data Estimated in Inspections  20.4.3 Data Processed by the Owner  20.5 The Management of Bridge Inspection Data Quality  20.5.1 General Rules  20.5.2 Tools for Data Quality Control  20.5.3 Training of Inspectors  20.5.4 Quality Measurement Process: A Case Application  20.5.4.1 Bridge Inspector Qualifications  20.5.4.2 Day for Advanced Training  20.5.4.3 Quality Measurements  20.5.4.4 Quality Reports of the Bridge Register  20.5.4.5 Follow up of Quality Improvement Methods  20.6 Prediction of Structure Condition  20.6.1 Age Behaviour Modelling  20.6.2 The Finnish Reference Bridges  20.6.2.1 Model Simulation  20.7 Maintenance, Repair and Rehabilitation Policy  20.7.1 Goals and Targets  20.7.2 Central Policy Definitions in the Management Process  20.7.3 Maintenance and Repair Planning  20.8 Conclusions  20.9 References    21 Climate Adaptation Engineering and Risk-based Design and Management of Infrastructure  Mark G. Stewart, Dimitri V. Val, Emilio Bastidas-Arteaga, Alan O'Connor and Xiaoming Wang 21.1 Introduction  21.2 Modelling Weather and Climate-related Hazards in Conditions of Climate Change  21.2.1 Climate Modelling  21.2.2 Modelling Extreme Events under Non-Stationary Conditions  21.2.2.1 Generalised Extreme Value Distribution for Block Maxima  21.2.2.2 Generalised Pareto Distribution for Threshold Exceedance  21.2.2.3 Point Process Characterisation of Extremes  21.3 Impacts of Climate Change  21.3.1 Corrosion and Material Degradation  21.3.2 Frequency and Intensity of Climate Hazards  21.3.3 Sustainability and Embodied Energy Requirements for Maintenance Strategies  21.4 Risk-Based Decision Support  21.4.1 Definition of Risk  21.4.2 Cost-Effectiveness of Adaptation Strategies  21.5 Case Studies of Optimal Design and Management of Infrastructure  21.5.1 Resilience of Interdependent Infrastructure Systems to Floods  21.5.2 Strengthening Housing in Queensland Against Extreme Wind  21.5.3 Climate Change and Cost-Effectiveness of Adaptation Strategies in RC Structures Subjected to Chloride Ingress  21.5.4 Designing On- and Offshore Wind Energy Installations to Allow for Predicted Evolutions in Wind and Wave Loading  21.5.5 Impact and Adaptation to Coastal Inundation  21.6 Research Challenges  21.7 Conclusions  21.8 References    22 Comparing Bridge Condition Evaluations with Life-Cycle Expenditures  Bojidar Yanev 22.1 Introduction: Networks and Projects  22.2 Network and Project Level Condition Assessments  22.2.1 Potential Hazards (NYS DOT)  22.2.2 Load Rating (AASHTO, 2010)  22.2.3 Vulnerability (NYS DOT)  22.2.4 Serviceability and Sufficiency (NBI)  22.2.5 Diagnostics  22.3 Bridge-Related Actions  22.3.1 Maintenance  22.3.2 Preservation  22.3.3 Repair and Rehabilitation  22.4 The New York City Network - Bridge Equilibrium of Supply/Demand  22.5 Network Optimization/Project Prioritization  22.5.1 The Preventive Maintenance Model  22.5.2 The repair model  22.6 Conclusions  22.7 References    23 Redundancy-based Design of Nondeterministic Systems  Benjin Zhu and Dan M. Frangopol 23.1 Introduction  23.2 Redundancy Factor  23.2.1 Definition  23.2.2 Example  23.3 Effects of Parameters on Redundancy Factor  23.4 Redundancy Factors of Systems with Many Components  23.4.1 Using the RELSYS program  23.4.2 Using the MCS-based program  23.5 Limit States for Component Design  23.6 A Highway Bridge Example  23.6.1 Live Load Bending Moments  23.6.2 Dead Load Moments  23.6.3 Mean Resistance of Girders  23.6.4 An Additional Case: sssys,target =4.0  23.7 Conclusions  23.8 References    Author Index  Subject Index  Structures and Infrastructures Series
 Abstract:             ''This book presents the latest scientific research and application practice findings in the engineering field of ''maintenance and safety of aging infrastructure.'' The selected invited contributions will provide an overview of the use of advanced computational and/or experimental techniques in damage and vulnerability assessment as well as maintenance and retrofitting of aging structures and infrastructures (buildings, bridges, lifelines, etc) for minimization of losses and life-cycle-cost. Cost-competent maintenance and management of civil infrastructure requires balanced consideration of both the structure performance and the total cost accrued over the entire life-cycle. Another major problem is that the structure performance is usually reduced during its functioning due to environmental and other factors. Thus, current structural condition state is usually assessed by visual inspection or more advanced automatic structural health monitoring techniques. Furthermore, maintenance managers often require a list of prioritized maintenance interventions for civil infrastructure on an annual and/or long-term basis. Various unavoidable uncertainties associated with both randomness (i.e., aleatory uncertainty) and imperfect knowledge (i.e., epistemic uncertainty) also play a crucial role in management and maintenance of engineering systems. Taking into account the aforementioned issues, this volume aims to present the recent developments of life-cycle maintenance and management planning for deteriorating civil infrastructure considering simultaneously multiple and often competing criteria in terms of condition, safety and life-cycle cost''