Magnetism and Spintronics in Carbon and Carbon Nanostructured Materials

Cover
Magnetism and Spintronics in Carbon and Carbon Nanostructured Materials
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
About the author
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
1 The fundamental aspects of spintronics
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Fundamental aspects of spintronics
		1.2.1 Spin polarization
		1.2.2 Spin relaxation
		1.2.3 Spin injection
		1.2.4 Ohmic injection
		1.2.5 Tunnel injection
		1.2.6 Ballistic electron injection
		1.2.7 Hot electron injection
		1.2.8 Spin transport
		1.2.9 Spin injection and spin transport
		1.2.10 Spin detection
		1.2.11 Spin transfer
		1.2.12 Spin coherence
		1.2.13 Spin accumulation
		1.2.14 Coherent spin transport through semiconductors and interfaces
		1.2.15 Optical control of nuclear spins
		1.2.16 Quantum dots—the artificial atoms in the solid state
	1.3 Device principles
	1.4 Different spintronics applications, device principles, and devices
		1.4.1 Magnetic recording
		1.4.2 Nonvolatile memories
		1.4.3 MRAM (magnetoresistive random access)
			Spin transistor
			Quantum computer
	1.5 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
2 Introduction: carbon and carbon nanomaterials
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Carbon and carbon nanostructure materials in spintronics
	2.3 Different forms of carbon and carbon nanostructure materials
		2.3.1 Amorphous carbon, diamond-like carbon, and ultrananocrystalline diamond
		2.3.2 Nanostructure carbon nanotube materials
		2.3.3 Nanostructure graphene materials
		2.3.4 Graphene oxide materials
		2.3.5 Carbon nanoparticles and fullerene nanostructure materials
		2.3.6 Other carbon–metal oxide/sulfide composites materials
	2.4 Conclusion and perspectives of carbon and carbon nanostructure-based spintronics applications
	References
	Further reading
3 Magnetism and spintronics in amorphous/diamond-like carbon
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Magnetism of amorphous carbon and diamond-like carbon
	3.3 Electrical and transport of amorphous carbon and diamond-like carbon
	3.4 Magnetoresistance and spintronics of amorphous carbon and diamond-like carbon
		3.4.1 Magnetoresistance of amorphous carbon films
	3.5 Spin field effect transistor (FET)
	3.6 Diamond-like carbon for magnetic storage disks
	3.7 Conclusion and perspectives of amorphous carbon and diamond-like carbon in spintronics
	References
	Further reading
4 Magnetism and spintronics in carbon nanotubes
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Magnetism of carbon nanotubes
	4.3 Spintronic devices
		4.3.1 Magnetic tunnel junctions
		4.3.2 Fabrication of magnetic tunnel junctions
		4.3.3 Tunnel magnetoresistance in magnetic tunnel junctions
		4.3.4 Application of magnetic tunnel junctions
	4.4 Spin currents in magnetic tunnel junctions
		4.4.1 Spin and charge transport
		4.4.2 Spin polarization
	4.5 Tunnel magnetoresistance in carbon nanotube–based spintronic devices
		4.5.1 Spin-valve devices of carbon nanotubes
	4.6 Conclusion and perspectives of carbon nanotubes in spintronics
	References
	Further reading
5 Magnetism and spintronics in graphene
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Making of graphene into magnetic materials
		5.2.1 Ferromagnetism derived from hydrogenated zigzag-type pore edges graphene
		5.2.2 Magnetism depending on pore edge termination by different foreign atoms
		5.2.3 Doping and/or functionalization with transition metals
	5.3 Spin generation and spin manipulation
		5.3.1 Spin generation
		5.3.2 Spin manipulation
	5.4 Magnetism in graphene
	5.5 Spin Hall effect and edge-derived spin phenomena
	5.6 Spin injection, manipulation, and detection
	5.7 Spin relaxation process
		5.7.1 Hanle spin precession
		5.7.2 Charged impurity scattering
		5.7.3 Contact-induced spin relaxation
	5.8 Spin relaxation in single-layer graphene and bilayer graphene
	5.9 Electrical spin transport
		5.9.1 Spin polarization
	5.10 Spintronics magnetoresistance devices
	5.11 Applications of graphene spintronics
		5.11.1 Spin valve devices
		5.11.2 Field-effect transistor
			Ballistic transistors
		5.11.3 Hall effect
		5.11.4 Bipolar spintronics
	5.12 Graphene-ferroelectric meta-devices
	5.13 Conclusion and perspectives of graphene-based spintronics
	References
	Further reading
6 Magnetism and spintronics in graphene oxide
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Magnetization of graphene oxide
	6.3 In-plane and out-of-plane magnetization/magnetic anisotropy
	6.4 Magnetoresistance of graphene oxide
		6.4.1 Mechanism of magnetic behaviors GO/reduced graphene oxide
		6.4.2 Electrical transport mechanism of GO/reduced graphene oxide
	6.5 Applications of graphene oxide spintronics
	6.6 Conclusion and perspectives of graphene oxide–based spintronics
	References
	Further reading
7 Magnetism and spintronics in carbon nanoparticle/fullerene
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Carbon nanoparticle–based spintronics
	7.3 Carbon nanosphere spintronics
	7.4 Graphene-nano-dots spintronics
	7.5 Fullerene-based spintronics
	7.6 Conclusion and perspectives of carbon nanoparticles–based spintronics
	References
8 Magnetism and spintronics in other carbon-based composite materials
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Carbon nanostructure-metal/nonmetal/metal-oxide composites in spintronics
	8.3 Conclusion and perspectives of carbon-metal/nonmetal/composite-based spintronics
	References
9 Challenges and emerging direction of carbon nanostructure materials in magnetism and spintronics
	References
Index
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