Magnetic resonance imaging : physical principles and sequence design

 Content: Foreword to the Second Edition xvii    Foreword to the First ~ Edition xxi    Preface to the Second Edition xxvii    Preface to the First Edition xxix    Acknowledgements xxx    Acknowledgements to the First Edition xxxi    1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Preview 1   1.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: The Name 1  1.2 The Origin of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2  1.3 A Brief Overview of MRI Concepts 3   2 Classical Response of a Single Nucleus to a Magnetic Field 19   2.1 Magnetic Moment in the Presence of a Magnetic Field 20  2.2 Magnetic Moment with Spin: Equation of Motion 25  2.3 Precession Solution: Phase 29   3 Rotating Reference Frames and Resonance 37   3.1 Rotating Reference Frames 38  3.2 The Rotating Frame for an RF Field 41  3.3 Resonance Condition and the RF Pulse 44   4 Magnetization, Relaxation, and the Bloch Equation 53   4.1 Magnetization Vector 53  4.2 Spin-Lattice Interaction and Regrowth Solution 54  4.3 Spin-Spin Interaction and Transverse Decay 57  4.4 Bloch Equation and Static-Field Solutions 60  4.5 The Combination of Static and RF Fields 62   5 The Quantum Mechanical Basis of Precession and Excitation 67   5.1 Discrete Angular Momentum and Energy 68  5.2 Quantum Operators and the Schrodinger Equation 72  5.3 Quantum Derivation of Precession 77  5.4 Quantum Derivation of RF Spin Tipping 80   6 The Quantum Mechanical Basis of Thermal Equilibrium and Longitudinal Relaxation 85   6.1 Boltzmann Equilibrium Values 86  6.2 Quantum Basis of Longitudinal Relaxation  89  6.3 The RF Field 92   7 Signal Detection Concepts 95   7.1 Faraday Induction 96  7.2 The MRI Signal and the Principle of Reciprocity 99  7.3 Signal from Precessing Magnetization 101  7.4 Dependence on System Parameters 107   8 Introductory Signal Acquisition Methods: Free Induction Decay, Spin Echoes, Inversion Recovery, and Spectroscopy 113   8.1 Free Induction Decay and T* 2 114  8.2 The Spin Echo and T2 Measurements 120  8.3 Repeated RF Pulse Structures 126  8.4 Inversion Recovery and T1 Measurements 131  8.5 Spectroscopy and Chemical Shift 136   9 One-Dimensional Fourier Imaging, k-Space and Gradient Echoes 141   9.1 Signal and Effective Spin Density 142  9.2 Frequency Encoding and the Fourier Transform 144  9.3 Simple Two-Spin Example 147  9.4 Gradient Echo and k-Space Diagrams 151  9.5 Gradient Directionality and Nonlinearity 162   10 Multi-Dimensional Fourier Imaging and Slice Excitation 165   10.1 Imaging in More Dimensions 166  10.2 Slice Selection with Boxcar Excitations 175  10.3 2D Imaging and k-Space 184  10.4 3D Volume Imaging 194  10.5 Chemical Shift Imaging 197   11 The Continuous and Discrete Fourier Transforms 207   11.1 The Continuous Fourier Transform 208  11.2 Continuous Transform Properties and Phase Imaging 209  11.3 Fourier Transform Pairs 220  11.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform 223  11.5 Discrete Transform Properties 225   12 Sampling and Aliasing in Image Reconstruction 229   12.1 Infinite Sampling, Aliasing, and the Nyquist Criterion 230  12.2 Finite Sampling, Image Reconstruction, and the Discrete Fourier Transform 237  12.3 RF Coils, Noise, and Filtering 245  12.4 Nonuniform Sampling 250   13 Filtering and Resolution in Fourier Transform Image Reconstruction 261   13.1 Review of Fourier Transform Image Reconstruction 262  13.2 Filters and Point Spread Functions 264  13.3 Gibbs Ringing 267  13.4 Spatial Resolution in MRI 272  13.5 Hanning Filter and T*2 Decay Effects 281  13.6 Zero Filled Interpolation, Sub-Voxel Fourier Transform Shift Concepts, and Point Spread Function Effects 283  13.7 Partial Fourier Imaging and Reconstruction 286  13.8 Digital Truncation 293   14 Projection Reconstruction of Images 297   14.1 Radial k-Space Coverage 298  14.2 Sampling Radial k-Space and Nyquist Limits 302  14.3 Projections and the Radon Transform 308  14.4 Methods of Projection Reconstruction with Radial Coverage 310  14.5 Three-Dimensional Radial k-Space Coverage 317  14.6 Radial Coverage Versus Cartesian k-Space Coverage 320   15 Signal, Contrast, and Noise 325   15.1 Signal and Noise 326  15.2 SNR Dependence on Imaging Parameters 334  15.3 Contrast, Contrast-to-Noise, and Visibility 342  15.4 Contrast Mechanisms in MRI and Contrast Maximization 345  15.5 Contrast Enhancement with T1-Shortening Agents 358  15.6 Partial Volume Effects, CNR, and Resolution 363  15.7 SNR in Magnitude and Phase Images 365  15.8 SNR as a Function of Field Strength 368   16 A Closer Look at Radiofrequency Pulses 375   16.1 Relating RF Fields and Measured Spin Density 376  16.2 Implementing Slice Selection 381  16.3 Calibrating the RF Field 383  16.4 Solutions of the Bloch Equations 387  16.5 Spatially Varying RF Excitation 393  16.6 RF Pulse Characteristics: Flip Angle and RF Power 400  16.7 Spin Tagging 405   17 Water/Fat Separation Techniques 413   17.1 The Effect of Chemical Shift in Imaging 413  17.2 Selective Excitation and Tissue Nulling 420  17.3 Multiple Point Water/Fat Separation Methods 428   18 Fast Imaging in the Steady State 447   18.1 Short-TR, Spoiled, Gradient Echo Imaging 448  18.2 Short-TR, Coherent, Gradient Echo Imaging 468  18.3 SSFP Signal Formation Mechanisms 481  18.4 Understanding Spoiling Mechanisms 498   19 Segmented k-Space and Echo Planar Imaging 511   19.1 Reducing Scan Times 512  19.2 Segmented k-Space: Phase Encoding Multiple k-Space Lines per RF Excitation for Gradient Echo Imaging 514  19.3 Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) 522  19.4 Alternate Forms of Conventional EPI 530  19.5 Artifacts and Phase Correction 543  19.6 Spiral Forms of EPI 549  19.7 An Overview of EPI Properties 556  19.8 Phase Encoding Between Spin Echoes and Segmented Acquisition 560  19.9 Mansfield 2D to 1D Transformation Insight 563   20 Magnetic Field Inhomogeneity Effects and T*2 Dephasing 569   20.1 Image Distortion Due to Field Effects 570  20.2 Echo Shifting Due to Field Inhomogeneities in Gradient Echo Imaging 580  20.3 Methods for Minimizing Distortion and Echo Shifting Artifacts 587  20.4 Empirical T*2 603  20.5 Predicting T*2 for Random Susceptibility Producing Structures 611  20.6 Correcting Geometric Distortion 615   21 Random Walks, Relaxation, and Diffusion 619   21.1 Simple Model for Intrinsic T2 620  21.2 Simple Model for Diffusion 622  21.3 Carr-Purcell Mechanism 624  21.4 Meiboom-Gill Improvement 626  21.5 The Bloch-Torrey Equation 628  21.6 Some Practical Examples of Diffusion Imaging 632   22 Spin Density, T1 and T2 Quantification Methods in MR Imaging 637   22.1 Simplistic Estimates of rho0, T1 T2 638  22.2 Estimating T1 and T2 from Signal Ratio Measurements 640  22.3 Estimating T1 and T2 from Multiple Signal Measurements 647  22.4 Other Methods for Spin Density and T1 Estimation 649  22.5 Practical Issues Related to T1 and T2 Measurements 657  22.6 Calibration Materials for Relaxation Time Measurements 665   23 Motion Artifacts and Flow Compensation 669   23.1 Effects on Spin Phase from Motion along the Read Direction 670  23.2 Velocity Compensation along the Read and Slice Select Directions 675  23.3 Ghosting Due to Periodic Motion 683  23.4 Velocity Compensation along Phase Encoding Directions 688  23.5 Maximum Intensity Projection 698   24 MR Angiography and Flow Quantification 701   24.1 Inflow or Time-of-Flight (TOF) Effects 702  24.2 TOF Contrast, Contrast Agents, and Spin Density/T*2 -Weighting 711  24.3 Phase Contrast and Velocity Quantification 719  24.4 Flow Quantification 730   25 Magnetic Properties of Tissues: Theory and Measurement 739   25.1 Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism, and Ferromagnetism 740  25.2 Permeability and Susceptibility: The -->H Field 744  25.3 Objects in External Fields: The Lorentz Sphere 745  25.4 Susceptibility Imaging 755  25.5 Brain Functional MRI and the BOLD Phenomenon 760  25.6 Signal Behavior in the Presence of Deoxygenated Blood 766   26 Sequence Design, Artifacts, and Nomenclature 779   26.1 Sequence Design and Imaging Parameters 780  26.2 Early Spin Echo Imaging Sequences 785  26.3 Fast Short TR Imaging Sequences 791  26.4 Imaging Tricks and Image Artifacts 798  26.5 Sequence Adjectives and Nomenclature 812   27 Introduction to MRI Coils and Magnets 823   27.1 The Circular Loop as an Example 824  27.2 The Main Magnet Coil 827  27.3 Linearly Varying Field Gradients 838  27.4 RF Transmit and Receive Coils 846   28 Parallel Imaging 859   28.1 Coil Signals, Their Images, and a One-Dimensional Test Case 860  28.2 Parallel Imaging with an x-Space Approach 865  28.3 Parallel Imaging with a k-Space Approach 873  28.4 Noise and the g-Factor 885  28.5 Additional Topics in Acquisition and Reconstruction 888   A Electromagnetic Principles: A Brief Overview 893   A.1 Maxwell's Equations 894  A.2 Faraday's Law of Induction 894  A.3 Electromagnetic Forces 895  A.4 Dipoles in an Electromagnetic Field 896  A.5 Formulas for Electromagnetic Energy 896  A.6 Static Magnetic Field Calculations 897   B Statistics 899   B.1 Accuracy Versus Precision 899  B.1.1 Mean and Standard Deviation 900  B.2 The Gaussian Probability Distribution 901  B.2.1 Probability Distribution 901  B.2.2 z-Score 901  B.2.3 Quoting Errors and Confidence Intervals 902  B.3 Type I and Type II Errors 902  B.4 Sum over Several Random Variables 904  B.4.1 Multiple Noise Sources 905  B.5 Rayleigh Distribution 906  B.6 Experimental Validation of Noise Distributions 907  B.6.1 Histogram Analysis 907  B.6.2 Mean and Standard Deviation 909   C Imaging Parameters to Accompany Figures 913    Index 923
 Abstract:             
              New edition explores contemporary MRI principles and practices  Thoroughly revised, updated and expanded, the second edition of  Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical Principles and Sequence Design  remains the preeminent text in its field.                 Read more...