Lyde Green Roman Villa, Emersons Green, South Gloucestershire

Cover
Title Page
Copyright page
Contents Page
Contents
List of Figures
	Introduction
		Figure 1.1 The location of Lyde Green
		Figure 1.2 The location of the trial trenches and excavation areas
	Research objectives, methodologies and summary of results
		Figure 2.1 Plan illustrating the location of Iron Age sites in the region of Bristol and South Gloucestershire
		Figure 2.2 The tribal territory of the Dobunni
		Figure 2.3 Plan showing the concordance of phasing between all excavation areas
		Figure 2.4 Archaeological features recorded within Excavation Area A by phase
		Figure 2.5 Selected sections across archaeological features within Excavation Area A
		Figure 2.6 Archaeological features recorded within Excavation Area B by phase
		Figure 2.7 Selected sections across archaeological features within Excavation Area B (1)
		Figure 2.8 Selected sections across archaeological features within Excavation Area B (2)
		Figure 2.9 Plan of archaeological features within Excavation Area C by phase
		Figure 2.10 Selected sections across archaeological features within Excavation Area C
		Figure 2.11 Plan of archaeological features within Excavation Area D by phase
		Figure 2.12 Selected sections across archaeological features within Excavation Area D
		Figure 2.13 Plan of archaeological features within Excavation Area E by phase
		Figure 2.14 Plan of archaeological features in Excavation Area F by phase
	The development of the landscape before the 1st millennium AD
		Figure 3.1 Neolithic stone axe (SF 23)
		Figure 3.2 Excavation Area A, phase 1 pit [1006]
	Dating the origins of the rural settlement at Lyde Green: a Late Iron Age enclosure system?
		Figure 4.1 Plan of the D-shaped enclosure excavated in Area D, with Wardell Armstrong’s 2013 Evaluation Trench 1 and gully terminus [118] also shown
		Figure 4.2 Plan of phase 1-3 within Excavation Area D, including the D-shaped enclosure ditch
		Figure 4.3 Plan showing Late Iron Age and Early Romano-British field system and enclosures (Excavation areas A-D, Periods 2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 4.1).
		Figure 4.4 Plan of pit [3949] and wind break [4212] plan and section, located within Excavation Area B
		Figure 4.5 Comparison of the D-shaped enclosure within Excavation Area D with Kingsdown Camp
	The Romano-British period and the villa estate
		Figure 5.1 Plan showing pre-villa features in excavation areas A-D
		Figure 5.2 T-shaped corn-drying oven {6236} with foundation trench (4193) located in Excavation Area B
		Figure 5.3 Structure {4226} within Excavation Area B
		Figure 5.4 Excavation Area C, phase 4 rectangular enclosure ditch [2468]
		Figure 5.5 Plan and section of well {2330} within Excavation Area C
		Figure 5.6 Three-celled rectangular building {1650} within Excavation Area D
		Figure 5.7 Plan of Excavation Area B showing features relating to the use-life of the Roman villa
		Figure 5.8 Floor plan of the tripartite corridor villa found within Excavation Area B
		Figure 5.9 Plan of structure {4213} found within Excavation Area B
		Figure 5.10 Plan of structures {4196} and {4235} found within Excavation Area B
		Figure 5.11 Plan of structure {4219} and furnace 3615 found within Excavation Area B
		Figure 5.12 Plan of structure {3583} found within Excavation Area B
		Figure 5.13 Plan showing the location of the cremation burials found in areas B and D
	The Romano-British artefacts (mid-1st century AD to 5th century AD)
		Figure 6.1 Profile illustrations of the handmade ceramics produced in the Iron Age tradition
		Figure 6.2 Illustration of six cremation urns and one accessory vessel (no. 88)
		Figure 6.3 Profile illustrations of Early Roman pottery
		Figure 6.4 Profile illustrations of the Early-mid Roman pottery (1)
		Figure 6.5 Profile illustrations of the Early-mid Roman pottery (2)
		Figure 6.6 Profile illustrations of the Mid-late Roman pottery
		Figure 6.7 Profile illustrations of the Late Roman pottery
		Figure 6.8 A selection of brooches from Lyde Green
		Figure 6.9 Selected small finds from Lyde Green. Items of personal adornment and toilet implements
		Figure 6.10 Selected small finds from Lyde Green
		Figure 6.11 Ceramic weights
		Figure 6.12 Lead pipe (SF 62) found within structure {4213} and column base found within structure {6197}
		Figure 6.13 The 77 coins from Lyde Green, by Reece period
		Figure 6.14 Comparison of the coins assemblage from Lyde Green with those from ten other villa sites in the region
	The development of the landscape from the Roman period to the present day
		Figure 7.1 Archaeological features of medieval and Post-medieval date recorded within the excavation areas
	Lyde Green and the Romano-British villas of South Gloucestershire
		Figure 8.1 The excavation areas, shown in relation to a Digital Terrain Model (LiDAR data from the Environment Agency, 2005).
		Figure 8.2 Map showing the altitude of villa sites within the region
		Figure 8.3 Lyde Green in the context of other Roman villa sites and the principal Roman roads in the region
		Figure 8.4 Map of villa sites in the region related to modern land-use
	Appendices
		Figure 9.1 Rubbings of decorated and stamped Samian ware sherds described in the catalogue
		Figure 9.2 Thin sections of the selected Roman pottery sherds
		Figure 9.3 Images of ceramic building material fabrics and mortar
List of Tables
	Research objectives, methodologies and summary of results
		Table 2.1 Concordance of phasing between excavation areas
	The development of the landscape before the 1st millennium AD
		Table 3.1 Human remains recovered from Bronze Age Vessel 4
		Table 3.2 The Bronze Age pottery: sherd count, vessel form and context
	The Romano-British period and the villa estate
		Table 5.1 Contextual information on cremations excavated in Areas B and D
		Table 5.2 The Human Remains: summary of the assemblage’s state of  preservation
		Table 5.3 The Human Remains: measurements of bone fragmentation
		Table 5.4 The Human Remains: quantification of neonatal bones
		Table 5.5 Quantification of human skeletal elements from deposit (3203)
		Table 5.6 Age Estimates using regression equations from Scheuer et al. (1980) (In. Scheuer & Black 2000, 394 & 415)
		Table 5.7 Selected archaeobotanical data
	The Romano-British artefacts (mid-1st century AD to 5th century AD)
		Table 6.1 The Iron Age pottery. Distribution of ceramic forms by area and context
		Table 6.2 The Iron Age pottery: technology and surface finishing
		Table 6.3 The Iron Age pottery: fabric types
		Table 6.4 The Iron Age pottery: rim forms
		Table 6.5 The Iron Age pottery: rim diameters
		Table 6.6 Pottery summary by ware group and excavation area
		Table 6.7 Samian by manufacturing region. Incidence across Site Areas A-D and unstratified contexts. Percentage values show relative abundance by area as a proportion of all pottery.
		Table 6.8  Samian summary showing breakdown by vessel form/fabric.
		Table 6.9 Pottery attributed to ceramic phases 1-3 by ware group. The quantities given are sherd count, weight and rim EVEs
		Table 6.10 The Early Roman pottery (Ceramic phase 1: mid-1st c. to early 2nd c. AD)
		Table 6.11 Pottery from enclosure ditch [1005] in Area D, representative of Ceramic phase 1 (mid-1st c. AD to early 2nd c. AD)
		Table 6.12 Pottery assemblage from pit [1489] in Area D, representative of Ceramic Phase 2 (mid-2nd c. to mid-3rd c. AD)
		Table 6.13 Area C ditch [2296] and ditch [2444] (CP2) pottery summary
		Table 6.14 Area C ditch [2254] and Area B layer 3881 (CP3) pottery summary
		Table 6.15 Vessel forms summary by ‘Ceramic Phase’
		Table 6.16 Stratified CBM form classes
		Table 6.17 CBM fabrics as a proportion of the whole assemblage
		Table 6.18 CBM forms in fabric T01
		Table 6.19 CBM forms in fabric T11
		Table 6.20 Number of different key classes on flue tile
		Table 6.21 List of stratified coins
		Table 6.22 Roman coins found during the excavations at Lyde Green
		Table 6.23 Total count and weight of each slag type
		Table 6.24 Dimensions of the furnace bases
		Table 6.25 Dimensions of the hearth bottoms
	The development of the landscape from the Roman period to the present day
		Table 7.1 Medieval pottery from Lyde Green
	Lyde Green and the Romano-British villas of South Gloucestershire
		Table 8.1 Attributes of villas within c. 17 km of Lyde Green
	Appendices
		Table 9.1 Summary of radiocarbon dates
		Table 9.2 HH-XRF analyses of the smelting tap slag samples (weight %)
		Table 9.3 HH-XRF analyses of the smelting slag and furnaces bases (weight %)
		Table 9.4  HH-XRF analyses of the hearth bottom samples (weight %)
		Table 9.5  HH-XRF analyses of the smithing slag samples (weight %)
		Table 9.7 Comparison of the mean values of the HH-XRF analyses of the tap slags and furnace bottoms from the Saxon Site and the tap slags and smelting slags from the Villa Site (weight %)
List of Plates
	Research objectives, methodologies and summary of results
		Plate 2.1 The excavation team working on Area B in February 2013
	The development of the landscape before the 1st millennium AD
		Plate 3.1 Sherds of Bronze Age pottery, Vessel 3
	Dating the origins of the rural settlement at Lyde Green: a Late Iron Age enclosure system?
		Plate 4.1 Furnace [3949], showing wall {3863}, with wall {3921} in the background. Looking south
	The Romano-British period and the villa estate
		Plate 5.1 Well {6031}, looking east
		Plate 5.2 Ditch [4160] & layers (3141) and (4149), showing foundations {3123} of structure {4226}, looking southeast
		Plate 5.3 Enclosure [2017]/[2120], looking east
		Plate 5.4 Well {2330}, looking west
		Plate 5.5 Aerial view of structure {6197}, looking west
		Plate 5.6 Foundation trench [6039] – southwest corner, looking northeast
		Plate 5.7 Walls {6065} and {6075}, looking north
		Plate 5.8 Aerial shot of structures {4213} & {3967} (middle) and {4196} (background), looking south
		Plate 5.9 Rectangular pool [3370] within bathhouse, looking west
		Plate 5.10 Pool [3370] showing drainage culvert {4218} & walled cavity {3372}, looking west
		Plate 5.11 Culvert {4218} showing structure {3371}, looking east
		Plate 5.12 Well [3222], looking northwest
		Plate 5.13 Aerial shot of structure {4196} mid-excavation, showing wall {3897}/{3956} & structure {4235}, looking northeast
		Plate 5.14 Well [3535], looking west
		Plate 5.15 Shot of structure {3583} within ditch [4181], looking east
		Plate 5.16 Urn from Cremation no. 10
		Plate 5.17 Pre-excavation shot of cist {6010}, looking north
		Plate 5.18 Cist {6010}, looking north
		Plate 5.19 Cist {3884} showing iron boot plate SF 122 in situ, looking north
	The Romano-British artefacts (mid-1st century AD to 5th century AD)
		Plate 6.1 Cremation no. 5 with urn in situ, looking west
		Plate 6.2 Fragment of possible siphon
		Plate 6.3 Walled cavity {3529} and lead pipe & ceramic drain {3425}, looking south
	The development of the landscape from the Roman period to the present day
		Plate 7.1 Culvert {2483}, looking east
		Plate 7.2 Medieval post-built structure {3967}, looking west
Acknowledgements
Editors’ foreword
Chapter 1: Introduction
	Richard Newman, Matthew S. Hobson, and Damion Churchill
	1.1. The purpose and format of this publication
	1.2. Project background
	1.3. The development site
	1.4 Location, topography and geomorphology
Chapter 2: Research objectives, methodologies and summary of results
	Richard Newman, Matthew S. Hobson, and Damion Churchill
		2.1. The purpose of research objectives
		2.2. Summary of the archaeological and historical background
	2.3. Previous archaeological investigations
	2.4. Wardell Armstrong’s evaluation trenches
	2.5. The excavation areas: research objectives and methods
	2.6. Post-excavation research objectives
	2.7. Summary of the principal archaeological phases
Chapter 3: The development of the landscape before the 1st millennium AD
with contributions by Adrian Bailey, Kimberley Colman, Lynne Gardiner, David Jackson, Mike McElligott and Megan Stoakley
		3.1. Neolithic stone axe
		3.2. Bronze Age pits
	Robert Young and Richard Newman
	3.3. Bronze Age pottery
	3.4. Lithics
	3.5. Overview of the pre-Iron Age evidence
	3.6. An isolated Early Iron Age pit
	3.7. Conclusion: Lyde Green before the 1st millennium AD
Chapter 4: Dating the origins of the rural settlement at Lyde Green
	Richard Newman and Matthew S. Hobson
with contributions by Lynne Gardiner, Mike McElligott, Ed McSloy and Megan Stoakley
	4.1. Archaeological deposits containing ‘Middle to Late Iron Age’ pottery
	4.2. Excavation Area D: stratigraphic phases
	4.3. Additional evidence from Excavation Areas B and C
	4.4. The enclosures: context, duration, function and reasons for change
	4.5. Archaeobotany
	4.6. Discussion
Chapter 5: The Romano-British period and the villa estate
	5.1. Romano British occupation and land-use from the early 2nd century AD to the mid-3rd century AD
	5.2. The enclosure system
	Mike McElligott, Richard Newman, Matthew S. Hobson and Megan Stoakley
with contributions by Don O’Meara and Lynne Gardiner
	5.3. Pre-villa structures and evidence of occupation
	5.4. The villa complex and its development
	5.5. A tripartite corridor villa
	5.6. The villa estate’s ancillary buildings
	5.6. Areas C and D as part of the villa estate
	5.7. Romano-British burial
	5.8. Human remains
	5.9. Archaeobotany
	5.10. Zooarchaeology
	5.11. Discussion
	5.12. The abandonment of the villa estate
Chapter 6: The Romano-British artefacts (mid-1st century AD to 5th century AD)
	6.1. Locally produced handmade pottery in the Middle to Late Iron Age tradition
	6.2. Roman pottery
	6.3. Ceramic building material
	6.4. Small finds
	6.5. Coins
Chapter 7: The development of the landscape from the Roman period to the present day
	7.1. Introduction
	7.2. A post-villa period well?
	Richard Newman
		with contributions from Ed McSloy and Megan Stoakley
	7.3. Medieval
	7.4. Post-medieval
	7.5. Small finds
	7.6. Bulk finds
	7.7. Discussion
Chapter 8: Lyde Green and the Romano-British villas of South Gloucestershire
	8.1. What is a villa?
	Richard Newman
	8.2. The villa as a farmstead and the villa estate
	8.3. Summary of the excavated evidence from Lyde Green
	8.4. Romano-British settlement in the vicinity of Mangotsfield, Pucklechurch and Westerleigh
	8.5. The villas of South Gloucestershire
	8.6. South Gloucestershire’s villas and the Late Roman villa
Chapter 9: Appendices
	Appendix 1: Catalogue of Bronze Age pottery
		Appendix 2: Table of radiocarbon dates
		Appendix 3: Catalogue of decorated Samian and Samian stamps
		Appendix 4: Petrographic report of thin-section analyses
		Appendix 5: Fabric descriptions of ceramic building material
		Appendix 6: XRF methodology and tables
		Appendix 7: Methodology for analysis of the human remains
		Appendix 8: Roman pottery illustration catalogue
Bibliography
	Abbreviations
		Bibliographical references
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