LTE, WiMAX and WLAN Network Design, Optimization and Performance Analysis

3.2.2 Packet-Switched Traffic Characterization......Page 3
Contents......Page 9
List of Figures......Page 21
List of Tables......Page 37
About the Author......Page 43
Preface......Page 45
Acknowledgements......Page 47
List of Abbreviations......Page 49
Introduction......Page 65
1.2 Market Plan......Page 69
1.3 The Engineering Plan......Page 71
1.4 The Financial Plan......Page 72
1.4.3 Return of Investment (ROI)......Page 73
1.5 Business Case Questionnaire......Page 75
1.6 Implementing the Business Plan......Page 76
2.1 History of the Internet......Page 79
2.2 Network Modeling......Page 80
2.3.1 Router......Page 83
2.4.1 Ethernet PHY......Page 84
2.5 The Data Link Layer......Page 86
2.5.1 Ethernet MAC......Page 87
2.6 Network Layer......Page 88
2.6.2 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)......Page 89
2.6.4 Link Layer Control (LLC)......Page 91
2.7.2 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)......Page 92
2.8.1 Basic IP Routing......Page 93
2.8.2 Routing Algorithms......Page 94
2.9.2 Data Transfer Protocols......Page 95
2.9.3 Real Time Protocols......Page 97
2.9.4 Network Management Protocols......Page 98
2.10 The World Wide Web (WWW)......Page 99
3.1 Introduction......Page 101
3.2.1 Circuit-Switched Traffic Characterization......Page 102
3.2.3 Data Speed and Data Tonnage......Page 104
3.3 Service Plan (SP) and Service Level Agreement (SLA)......Page 105
3.4 User Service Classes......Page 107
3.5.2 Applications Field Data Collection......Page 108
3.5.3 Application Characterization......Page 109
3.6 Over-Subscription Ratio (OSR)......Page 114
3.8 RF Environment......Page 115
3.9.1 Terminal Types......Page 116
3.9.2 Terminal Specification......Page 117
3.11.1 Geographic Customer Distribution......Page 122
3.11.2 Customer's Distribution Layers......Page 126
3.12.1 Unconstrained Busy Hour Data User Traffic......Page 127
3.12.4 Busy Hour Traffic per Subscription......Page 129
3.12.6 Service Plan Tonnage Ranges......Page 130
3.12.9 Mapping of Portable Terminal Users (MPU)......Page 131
3.12.11 Hourly Traffic Variation......Page 132
3.12.12 Prediction Service Classes (PSC)......Page 133
3.12.13 Traffic Layers Composition......Page 135
3.13 KPI (Key Performance Indicator) Establishment......Page 136
3.14 Wireless Infrastructure......Page 138
4.1 Digitizing Analog Signals......Page 141
4.2 Digital Data Representation in the Frequency Domain (Spectrum)......Page 144
4.3.1 Sine and Cosine Orthogonality......Page 148
4.3.2 Harmonically Related Signals' Orthogonality......Page 149
4.4 Combining Shifted Copies of a Sine Wave......Page 150
4.5 Carrier Modulation......Page 151
5.1 The Signal......Page 159
5.2 The RF Channel......Page 165
5.3.1 Free Space Loss......Page 166
5.3.2 Diffraction Loss......Page 167
5.3.3 Reflection and Refraction......Page 170
5.4.1 Multipath Fading......Page 171
5.4.2 Shadow Fading......Page 178
5.5.2 Vehicles Effect......Page 179
5.5.3 Doppler Effect......Page 180
5.5.4 Fading Types......Page 182
5.6 RF Channel in the Power Domain......Page 184
5.7.1 3GPP Empirical Channel Model......Page 187
5.7.4 Network-Wide Channel Modeling......Page 188
5.8 RF Environment......Page 190
5.8.4 Environment Fading......Page 191
5.9 Fading......Page 192
5.9.1 Fading Types......Page 193
5.9.2 Fading Probability......Page 194
5.9.3 Fading Distributions......Page 196
5.9.4 The Rician Distribution (for Short-Term Fading with Combined LOS and NLOS)......Page 199
5.9.6 Traffic Simulation with Fading......Page 200
6.1.1 Terrain Databases......Page 203
6.1.2 Antenna Orientation......Page 206
6.1.4 Prediction Layers......Page 208
6.1.5 Fractional Morphology......Page 209
6.1.6 Korowajczuk 2D Model for Outdoor and Indoor Propagation......Page 212
6.1.7 Korowajczuk 3D Model......Page 219
6.1.8 CelPlan Microcell Model......Page 224
6.2 RF Measurements and Propagation Model Calibration......Page 227
6.2.1 RF Measurements......Page 228
6.2.2 RF Propagation Parameters Calibration......Page 231
6.3 RF Interference Issues......Page 236
6.3.1 Signal Level Variation and Signal to Interference Ratio......Page 237
6.3.2 Computing Interference......Page 239
6.3.3 Cell Interference Statistical Characterization......Page 240
6.3.4 Interference Outage Matrix......Page 242
6.4.2 Interference Averaging......Page 244
6.5.2 Neighborhood Planning......Page 245
6.5.5 Carrier Planning......Page 246
6.5.7 Spectrum Efficiency......Page 250
6.6 Availability......Page 251
7.1 Multiplexing......Page 257
7.1.1 Implementation of an Inverse Discrete Fast Fourier Transform (iDFFT)......Page 258
7.1.2 Implementation of a Discrete Fast Fourier Transform......Page 259
7.1.3 Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)......Page 261
7.1.4 Single Carrier OFDM (SC-OFDM)......Page 262
7.3 De-Multiplexing......Page 265
7.4 Cyclic Prefix......Page 266
7.5 OFDMA......Page 267
7.6.1 FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing)......Page 268
7.6.2 TDD (Time Division Duplexing)......Page 269
7.7.2 Framed Solution......Page 271
7.8 RF Channel Information Detection......Page 272
7.8.2 RF Channel Equalization and Reference Signals (Pilot)......Page 273
7.8.3 Information Extraction......Page 274
7.9 Error Correction Techniques......Page 275
7.10.2 Generalized Processor Sharing (GPS)......Page 279
7.11 Establishing Wireless Data Communications......Page 280
7.11.3 Protocol Layers......Page 281
7.11.4 Wireless Communication Procedure......Page 283
8.1.1 Bit Processing......Page 285
8.1.2 Symbol Processing......Page 288
8.1.3 Digital IF Processing......Page 289
8.1.4 Carrier Modulation......Page 290
8.2.1 Carrier Demodulation......Page 292
8.2.3 Symbol Processing......Page 293
8.2.4 Bit Processing Stages......Page 297
9.2.1 Subscriber Wireless Stations (SWS)......Page 299
9.3.1 Access Service Network (ASN)......Page 301
9.3.2 Connectivity Service......Page 305
9.3.4 Operational Service......Page 306
10.1 Introduction......Page 309
10.2 Antenna Basics......Page 310
10.3 Antenna Radiation......Page 311
10.3.2 Radiating Near Field (Fresnel Region)......Page 312
10.4.1 Dipole (Half Wave Dipole)......Page 313
10.4.3 Omni Antenna......Page 314
10.4.4 Parabolic Antenna......Page 315
10.4.6 Antenna Type Comparison......Page 317
10.5.1 Impedance Matching......Page 318
10.5.2 Antenna Patterns......Page 319
10.5.3 Antenna Polarization......Page 322
10.5.4 Cross-Polarization......Page 323
10.5.5 Antenna Correlation or Signal Coherence......Page 325
10.6 Multiple Antennas Arrangements......Page 326
10.6.1 SISO (Single In to Single Out)......Page 327
10.6.2 SIMO (Single In to Multiple Out)......Page 328
10.6.4 MISO-SIMO......Page 329
10.6.5 MIMO (Multiple In to Multiple Out)......Page 330
10.7 Receive Diversity......Page 331
10.7.1 Equal Gain Combining (EGC)......Page 332
10.7.3 Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC)......Page 333
10.7.4 Maximal Likelihood Detector (MLD)......Page 334
10.8 Transmit Diversity......Page 335
10.8.1 Receiver-Based Transmit Selection......Page 336
10.8.2 Transmit Redundancy......Page 337
10.8.3 Space Time Transmit Diversity......Page 338
10.9 Transmit and Receive Diversity (TRD)......Page 339
10.10 Spatial Multiplexing (Matrix B)......Page 340
10.11 Diversity Performance......Page 342
10.12 Antenna Array System (AAS), Advanced Antenna System (AAS) or Adaptive Antenna Steering (AAS) or Beamforming......Page 346
11.1 Introduction......Page 351
11.4 Signal to Noise Ratio......Page 352
11.4.2 Error Correction Codes......Page 353
11.4.3 SNR and Throughput......Page 358
11.5 Radio Sensitivity Calculations......Page 359
11.5.1 Modulation Scheme SNR......Page 360
11.5.2 FEC Algorithm Gains......Page 361
11.5.3 Mobility Effect......Page 362
11.5.4 Permutation Effect......Page 364
11.5.5 HARQ Effect......Page 365
11.5.7 Receive Diversity......Page 366
11.5.8 Transmit Diversity......Page 367
11.5.9 Spatial Multiplexing......Page 368
11.5.10 Spatial Multiplexing......Page 369
11.6 Radio Configuration......Page 371
12.1 Standardization......Page 375
12.2 Architecture......Page 379
12.3 The IEEE Std 802.11-2007......Page 380
12.3.1 Physical (PH) Layer......Page 382
12.3.2 Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer......Page 383
12.3.3 RF Channel Access......Page 389
12.3.4 Power Management......Page 391
12.4 Enhancements for Higher Throughputs, Amendment 5: 802.11n-2009......Page 392
12.4.1 Physical Layer......Page 393
12.4.2 MAC Layer......Page 394
12.5 Work in Progress......Page 397
12.6 Throughput......Page 398
13.1.1 The WiMAX Standards......Page 405
13.1.3 WiMAX Advantages......Page 406
13.2 Network Architecture......Page 408
13.2.1 ASN (Access Service Network)......Page 410
13.2.3 ASN-GW (Access Service Network Gateway)......Page 411
13.2.4 CSN (Connectivity Service Network)......Page 412
13.2.5 OSS/BSS (Operation Support System/Business Support System)......Page 414
13.3 Physical Layer (PHY)......Page 417
13.3.1 OFDM Carrier in Frequency Domain......Page 420
13.3.2 OFDM Carrier in Time Domain......Page 423
13.3.3 OFDM Carrier in the Power Domain......Page 430
13.4 Multiple Access OFDMA......Page 433
13.5.1 The PHY Layer......Page 434
13.5.2 The MAC (Data) Layer......Page 436
13.5.4 Frame Description......Page 440
13.5.5 Resource Management......Page 443
13.6 WiMAX Operation Phases......Page 448
13.7.1 Interference Avoidance and Segmentation......Page 450
13.7.2 Interference Averaging and Permutation Schemes......Page 451
13.7.3 Permutation Schemes......Page 452
13.7.4 Permutation Summary......Page 464
13.8.1 WiMAX Frequency Planning......Page 465
13.8.2 WiMAX Code Planning (Cell Identification)......Page 470
13.8.4 Spectrum Efficiency......Page 471
14.1 Introduction......Page 473
14.2 Standardization......Page 476
14.2.5 LTE 3GPP Standards......Page 477
14.3 Frequency Bands......Page 479
14.4.1 GSM and UMTS Architectures......Page 481
14.4.2 EPS Architecture......Page 482
14.4.8 Home Subscriber Server (HSS)......Page 484
14.4.11 Architecture Interfaces......Page 485
14.5.1 Messages......Page 488
14.5.2 Protocol Layers......Page 491
14.5.3 Message Bearers......Page 493
14.5.4 Message Channels......Page 495
14.6 Wireline Message Flow and Protocol Stacks......Page 497
14.7 Identifiers......Page 498
14.8.1 Turbo Code......Page 499
14.8.2 Incremental Redundancy......Page 500
14.10 Physical Layer (PHY)......Page 503
14.10.1 PHY Downlink......Page 504
14.10.2 PHY Uplink......Page 506
14.11 PHY Structure......Page 508
14.11.1 Downlink Physical Channels......Page 511
14.11.2 Uplink Physical Channels......Page 514
14.11.3 Downlink PHY Assignments......Page 518
14.11.4 Uplink PHY Assignments......Page 519
14.13 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS)......Page 521
14.14 Call Placement Scenario......Page 525
14.15.1 Transmitter......Page 527
14.15.2 Receiver......Page 529
14.16 Multiple Antennas in LTE......Page 530
14.16.2 LTE Antenna Algorithms......Page 531
14.16.4 Spatial Multiplexing......Page 534
14.16.5 Beamforming......Page 535
14.17.1 Full Reuse......Page 536
14.18 Self-Organizing Network (SON)......Page 537
14.20.1 SISO Channel Models......Page 539
14.20.2 MIMO Channel Models......Page 540
14.21 Handover Procedures in LTE......Page 545
14.22.1 UE Measurements......Page 546
14.23.2 Uplink Capacity......Page 547
14.25 Beyond 4G......Page 550
15.2 Performance Tables......Page 553
15.2.6 Throughput......Page 554
16.2 Wireless Market Modeling......Page 577
16.3 Wireless Network Strategy......Page 579
16.4 Wireless Network Design......Page 580
16.6 Wireless Network Performance Assessment......Page 581
17.3 Terrain Databases (GIS Geographic Information System)......Page 583
17.3.1 Satellite/Aerial Photos for Area of Interest......Page 584
17.3.3 Digitize Landmarks......Page 585
17.3.4 Morphology......Page 587
17.3.6 Multiple Terrain Layers......Page 591
17.3.8 Background Images......Page 592
17.4.1 Obtain Demographic Information (Maps and Tables)......Page 594
17.4.2 Generate Demographic Regions......Page 596
17.5 Service Modeling......Page 597
17.6 Environment Modeling......Page 600
17.7 User Terminal Modeling......Page 601
17.8 Service Class Modeling......Page 602
17.9.1 User Distribution Layers......Page 606
17.9.2 User Hourly Distribution......Page 614
17.10 Traffic Distribution Modeling......Page 615
18.1 Define Spectrum Usage Strategy......Page 617
18.1.1 Define Backhaul Spectrum Strategy......Page 618
18.4 Base Station Equipment......Page 619
18.4.1 Base Station and Sector Controller......Page 620
18.4.2 Sector Radio and RF Head......Page 621
18.4.3 Antenna......Page 624
18.5 Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)......Page 627
18.7 Backhaul Equipment......Page 629
18.7.1 Backhaul Radio Equipment......Page 631
18.7.3 Backhaul Network Layout Strategy......Page 633
18.9 List of Available Site Locations......Page 634
19.1 Field Measurement Campaign......Page 637
19.2 Measurement Processing......Page 639
19.3 Propagation Models and Parameters......Page 643
19.3.2 Define Propagation Models and Parameters for Different Site Types......Page 645
19.4.1 Simplified Site Distribution......Page 646
19.4.2 Advanced Cell Selection Procedure......Page 647
19.5 Run Initial Site Predictions......Page 650
19.6.2 Static Traffic Simulation......Page 657
19.8 Configure Backhaul Links and Perform Backhaul Predictions......Page 659
19.9 Perform Signal Level Predictions with Extended Radius......Page 661
20.1 Cell Enhancement or Footprint Optimization......Page 663
20.2.4 Interference Matrix for Downstream and Upstream for All PSC......Page 667
20.2.5 Interference Matrix......Page 670
20.2.6 Automatic Code Planning (Segmentation, CellID and PermBase)......Page 671
20.2.7 Automatic Carrier Planning......Page 674
20.2.8 Constrained Cell Enhancement......Page 677
20.2.10 Backhaul Automatic Channel Plan......Page 678
21.1 Perform Dynamic Traffic Simulation......Page 679
21.1.1 Traffic Snapshot......Page 681
21.2.1 Generate Key Parameter Indicators (KPI)......Page 684
21.3.2 Morphology......Page 689
21.3.4 Landmarks......Page 695
21.3.6 Traffic Layers......Page 698
21.3.8 Composite Signal Level......Page 699
21.3.9 Composite S/N......Page 700
21.3.12 Preamble Margin......Page 703
21.3.15 Best Server......Page 705
21.3.18 Zone Selection......Page 708
21.3.21 Payload Data Rate......Page 711
21.3.23 Interference......Page 714
21.3.26 Service Margin......Page 716
21.4 Backhaul Links Performance......Page 719
21.4.1 Backhaul Traffic Analysis......Page 721
21.5 Analyze Performance Results, Analyze Impact on CAPEX, OPEX and ROI......Page 725
22.1 Circle Relationships......Page 727
22.2.1 Rational and Irrational Numbers......Page 729
22.2.2 Imaginary Numbers (i = )......Page 730
22.3.1 Polynomial Decomposition......Page 732
22.3.2 Exponential Number (e)......Page 733
22.4 Sinusoids......Page 734
22.4.1 Positive and Negative Frequencies (+, -)......Page 736
22.5 Fourier Analysis......Page 738
22.5.1 Fourier Transform......Page 739
22.6 Statistical Probability Distributions......Page 740
22.6.2 Poisson Distribution (Law of Large Numbers)......Page 741
22.6.4 Normal or Gaussian Distribution......Page 743
22.6.5 Rayleigh Distribution......Page 747
22.6.6 Rice Distribution......Page 749
22.6.7 Nakagami Distribution......Page 750
22.6.8 Pareto Distribution......Page 751
Appendix: List of Equations......Page 753
Further Reading......Page 761
Index......Page 765