Long-term performance and durability of masonry structures: degradation mechanisms, health monitoring and service life design

Front Cover......Page 1
Long-term Performance and Durability of Masonry Structures......Page 2
Long-term Performance and Durability of Masonry Structures: Degradation Mechanisms, Health Monitoring and Service Life Design......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
List of contributors......Page 10
Preface......Page 12
One - Durability and degradation mechanisms of bare and strengthened masonry......Page 14
  1.1 Introduction......Page 16
   1.2.1 Raw material characteristics......Page 17
   1.2.2 Production process......Page 19
   1.2.3 Properties of final clay bricks......Page 21
  1.3 Decay and degradation factors and mechanisms......Page 23
   1.3.1 Production/manufacture......Page 24
   1.3.2 Moisture and soluble salts......Page 25
   1.3.4 Biological deterioration......Page 27
  1.4 Durability of clay bricks......Page 28
  1.5 Treatments to improve/extend brick's durability......Page 29
  References......Page 30
  2.1 Introduction......Page 34
  2.2 Block specifications......Page 40
   2.3.1 Cracks......Page 43
   2.3.2 Efflorescence......Page 44
   2.3.3 Biodeterioration: fungi, mold, moss, lichens, and vegetation......Page 45
  2.4 Wall performance and durability......Page 48
   2.4.2 Soft and hard body impact......Page 49
   2.4.4 Acoustic performance......Page 52
   2.4.5 Thermal performance......Page 55
   2.4.6 Fire resistance......Page 59
   2.4.7 Water permeability......Page 60
   2.4.8 Durability......Page 66
  2.5 Final remarks......Page 67
  References......Page 68
  3.1 Introduction......Page 72
  3.2 Properties of stone materials and degradation mechanisms......Page 73
   3.2.1 Physical-chemical properties of the stone......Page 74
    3.2.1.1 Chemical and mineralogical composition......Page 75
    3.2.1.2 Hydric and mechanical properties......Page 76
   3.2.2 Weathering agents......Page 77
     Water, ice, and moisture......Page 78
     Wind and saline fog-marine spray......Page 79
     Atmospheric pollution......Page 80
    3.2.2.2 Salt crystallization......Page 81
    3.2.2.3 Biodeterioration......Page 84
    3.2.2.4 Anthropic agents......Page 85
  3.3 Durability......Page 86
    3.4.1.1 Techniques for the determination of chemical and mineralogic composition......Page 87
     Determination of pore system and internal structure......Page 88
   3.4.2 Durability standard tests: accelerated aging cycles......Page 90
  3.5 Conservation treatments......Page 93
  References......Page 94
  4.1 Introduction......Page 102
   4.2.1 Defects associated with original construction methods and materials......Page 103
   4.2.2 Damage induced by external structural loading......Page 109
   4.2.3 Weathering and moisture-driven damage......Page 114
   4.2.4 Incompatible and ineffective interventions......Page 119
  4.3 Assessment of earth masonry durability......Page 125
  4.4 Suggestions for future research directions......Page 130
  References......Page 131
 5 - Timber......Page 142
  5.1 Introduction......Page 143
  5.2 Wood anatomy, structure, and chemical composition......Page 144
   5.3.1 Moisture......Page 146
    5.3.2.1 Decay fungi......Page 151
    5.3.2.2 Discoloring fungi......Page 153
    5.3.2.3 Bacteria......Page 154
    5.3.3.1 Beetles......Page 155
    5.3.3.2 Termites......Page 156
   5.3.4 Marine borers......Page 157
   5.4.1 Parameters affecting wood durability......Page 158
   5.4.2 Test methodology and classification schemes......Page 160
   5.5.1 Wood preservatives......Page 162
   5.5.2 Preservation techniques......Page 164
   5.6.2 Impregnation with oils and waxes......Page 165
   5.6.4 Chemical modification......Page 166
   5.7.1 Principles......Page 167
   5.7.3 Physical barriers......Page 168
   5.7.4 Maintenance......Page 170
  5.8 Quantifying decay-influencing factors: contribution to performance prediction of timber structures......Page 171
  References......Page 173
  6.1 Introduction......Page 182
   6.2.2 Mortar degradation mechanisms......Page 185
    6.2.2.1 Chemical......Page 186
    6.2.2.2 Physical......Page 187
  6.3 Transport properties......Page 189
   6.4.1 Tests for characterization and diagnostic of the conservation condition......Page 196
   6.4.2 Modeling the durability of new repair mortars......Page 198
    6.5.1.2 Protection against atmospheric pollutants......Page 209
    6.5.1.4 Protection against human action......Page 210
   6.5.2 Active measures (repair, consolidation, protective products)......Page 211
  6.6 State of codes and standards implementation......Page 213
  6.7 Conclusions......Page 214
  References......Page 215
  7.1 Introduction......Page 222
   7.2.1 Moisture......Page 224
   7.2.2 Temperature......Page 226
  7.3 Experimental background......Page 227
   7.3.2 Materials durability......Page 228
   7.3.3 Bond durability......Page 231
   7.3.4 Summary of experimental background......Page 235
  7.4 Modeling of durability......Page 237
  7.5 State of codes and standards implementations......Page 241
   7.5.1 CNR-DT 200......Page 242
   7.5.2 ACI 440.7R......Page 245
   7.5.3 ACI 440.9R......Page 246
  References......Page 247
Two - Health monitoring and testing......Page 252
  8.1 Introduction......Page 254
   8.2.1 Testing procedures for modal identification of structural systems......Page 256
   8.2.2 Output-only modal identification......Page 257
   8.2.3 Input-output modal identification......Page 259
   8.2.4 General remarks......Page 260
   8.3.1 Mogadouro Clock Tower......Page 261
   8.3.2 Qutb Minar tower......Page 265
   8.3.3 Saint Torcato church......Page 270
  8.4 Conclusions......Page 275
  References......Page 276
 9 - Laser scanning and its applications to damage detection and monitoring in masonry structures......Page 278
  9.2 State of the art in the application of terrestrial laser scanning to masonry structures......Page 279
   9.2.1 Archaeologic and architectural documentation......Page 280
   9.2.3 Automation in laser scanning data processing for masonry structures......Page 281
  9.3 Laser scanning technology......Page 282
   9.3.1 Underlying principles of laser scanning using LiDAR technology......Page 283
    9.3.1.2 Mobile laser scanner......Page 284
    9.3.2.1 Point cloud registration......Page 286
   9.4.1 Detection of superficial pathologies......Page 287
    9.4.1.1 Intensity data......Page 288
    9.4.1.2 Fusion of different technologies......Page 289
    9.4.2.1 Masonry arch bridges......Page 290
    9.4.2.2 Masonry wall (Guimarães wall, Portugal)......Page 291
  9.5 Conclusions......Page 294
  References......Page 295
   10.1.1 Principles of AE testing......Page 300
   10.1.2 Overview of on-site AE monitoring in masonry......Page 302
   10.2.1 AE wave propagation in masonry: source location and AE analysis......Page 303
   10.2.2 Application on a masonry wall under repeated loading cycles......Page 305
  10.3 AE for compressive creep monitoring in masonry......Page 308
   10.3.1 Periodic AE-based creep monitoring......Page 309
   10.3.2 AE-based prediction model for creep failure......Page 311
   10.4.1 AE for debonding detection......Page 312
   10.4.2 Application on FRP- and SRG-strengthened bricks......Page 313
  References......Page 318
Three - Long-term performance and service life design......Page 322
 11 - Service life design of timber structures......Page 324
  11.2 Wood deterioration......Page 325
    11.2.1.1 Fungi......Page 326
    11.2.1.2 Insects......Page 327
   11.2.2 Chemical and physical agents......Page 328
    11.2.2.2 Fire......Page 329
  11.3 Natural durability......Page 330
  11.4 Use class......Page 332
   11.5.2 Evaluation of performance-influencing factors......Page 334
    11.5.2.2 Cracks......Page 335
    11.5.2.3 Fungal decay......Page 336
    11.5.2.4 Wood MC......Page 337
  11.6 Durability models......Page 339
   11.6.1 General models......Page 340
   11.6.2 Modeling the fungal decay risk......Page 341
  11.7 Protection systems......Page 342
    11.8.2.1 Moisture content monitoring......Page 344
    11.8.2.2 Health assessment of timber structures......Page 345
  References......Page 346
  12.1 Introduction......Page 350
  12.2 The lifetime prediction of decayed stone masonry......Page 351
  12.3 Fragility curve for service life prediction......Page 355
  12.4 Laboratory aging tests on treated stone masonry......Page 359
   12.4.1 Monitoring and damage quantification......Page 360
   12.4.2 Results of crystallization test on masonry wallettes......Page 362
   12.4.3 The probabilistic approach applied to laboratory salts crystallization tests......Page 364
    12.4.3.1 Stochastic modeling of a deterioration process......Page 365
  12.5 On-site study of surface decay of treated stone masonry......Page 366
   12.5.1 Decay observations and results......Page 368
   12.5.2 The probabilistic approach......Page 371
   12.5.3 Fragility curves proposed for in situ damage modeling......Page 372
  12.6 Conclusions......Page 375
  References......Page 376
  Further reading......Page 378
  13.1 Introduction......Page 380
  13.2 Laboratory creep and pseudo-creep tests......Page 382
   13.2.1 Results of creep tests......Page 383
   13.2.2 Results of pseudo-creep tests......Page 384
  13.3 A probabilistic approach to model the strain rate evolution......Page 387
   13.3.1 The strain rate versus stress history......Page 388
   13.3.2 The strain rate evolution as a reliability problem......Page 391
   13.3.3 Application of the probabilistic approach to creep tests......Page 393
   13.3.4 Fragility curve ε˙ versus Σ applied to pseudo-creep tests......Page 394
  13.4 The probabilistic approach applied to the Bell Tower of Monza......Page 398
  13.5 Conclusions......Page 400
  References......Page 401
  Further reading......Page 402
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 D......Page 407
 E......Page 408
 F......Page 409
 I......Page 410
 L......Page 411
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 S......Page 413
 W......Page 415
 X......Page 417
Back Cover......Page 418