Local energy autonomy: spaces, scales, politics

Cover......Page 1
Local Energy Autonomy:Spaces, Scales, Politics......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Foreword......Page 13
 Energy and territories: towards new configurations......Page 15
 Figures of local energy autonomy......Page 16
 Metabolic, socio-technical and political empowerment: congruences and tensions......Page 18
 The structuring of network spaces: new logics and new scales......Page 19
 Infrastructure diversification, redistribution of skills and reconstruction of stakeholder systems......Page 21
 At the crossroads of innovation, experimentation and diversion......Page 22
 Perspectives......Page 23
 Book structure......Page 24
 References......Page 25
PART 1: Governance and Actors......Page 27
1. Urban Planning and Energy: New Relationships, New Local Governance......Page 28
 1.1. Distributed energy: the constant adaptation of urban areas......Page 29
 1.2. “Sustainable cities” and new energy systems: from harmonization to a common origin......Page 34
 1.3. Reshaping local governance......Page 37
 1.4. References......Page 42
 2.1. Introduction......Page 44
 2.3. Woking, UK......Page 45
 2.4. London, UK......Page 47
  2.5.1. Background......Page 49
  2.5.2. Sustainable Sydney 2030......Page 50
  2.5.4. Trigeneration Master Plan......Page 51
  2.5.5. Renewable Energy Master Plan......Page 52
  2.5.6. Advanced Waste Treatment Master Plan......Page 54
  2.5.7. CitySwitch Green Office Program......Page 55
  2.5.9. Environmental Upgrade Agreements......Page 56
  2.5.10. City of Sydney Projects......Page 58
  2.5.11. Carbon-neutral Sydney......Page 59
  2.5.12. Conclusion......Page 60
  2.6.2. Fukushima nuclear disaster......Page 62
  2.6.3. One Less Nuclear Power Plant......Page 63
  2.6.4. Seoul International Energy Advisory Council......Page 64
  2.6.6. One Less Nuclear Power Plant, Phase 2 – Seoul Sustainable Energy Action Plan......Page 65
  2.6.7. Seoul Energy Corporation......Page 66
  2.6.9. Conclusion......Page 68
 2.7. Overall conclusions......Page 69
 2.8. References......Page 71
3. The Third Industrial Revolution in Hauts-de-France: Moving Toward Energy Autonomy?......Page 72
  3.1.1. The cornerstones of the first industrial revolution......Page 73
  3.1.2. The successors of the second industrial revolution: the automotive industry and electricity......Page 75
 3.2. The TIR’s resources in Hauts-de-France......Page 79
  3.2.2. The basis of local ecosystems......Page 80
  3.2.3. Strong political backing......Page 81
  3.2.5. Multiple financial tools......Page 82
  3.2.6. Subregional territorialization: energy subsidiarity......Page 83
  3.2.7. Network managers are changing their views......Page 84
  3.3.1. Late, but still a strong objective......Page 85
  3.3.2. An update on the TRI/REV3 trajectories......Page 86
  3.3.3. A techno-centered vision......Page 88
  3.3.4. Tensions regarding the priorities and temporalities......Page 89
  3.3.5. From solidarity to regional autonomy through energy subsidiarity......Page 90
 3.4. References......Page 92
 4.1. Introduction......Page 94
 4.2. Four prospective scenarios for urbanized spaces......Page 96
  4.2.2. Local authorities......Page 97
  4.2.3. Cooperative stakeholders......Page 98
  4.2.4. Regulating state......Page 99
  4.3.1. Energy storage as an essential factor of autonomy......Page 100
  4.3.2. Energy autonomies as organizations......Page 101
 4.4. A variety of decision-making scales relating to energy infrastructure......Page 102
  4.4.3. The building......Page 103
  4.4.5. The city or metropolis......Page 104
 4.5. Conclusion: solidarities must be reinvented in the era of connected energy autonomies......Page 105
 4.7. References......Page 107
PART 2: Urban Projects and Energy Systems......Page 109
 5.1. Introduction......Page 110
  5.1.1. What can environmental measures be related to?......Page 112
  5.1.2. Critical densities and catchment areas......Page 114
  5.2.1. Differences regarding the 2,000 watts......Page 115
  5.2.2. 0.1 watts per square meter as average for mainland France......Page 117
  5.3.1. Renewable energy production is Eulerian......Page 120
  5.3.2. Energy harvesting plans......Page 121
  5.3.3. Quantification of the production flow of a gegion......Page 122
  5.4.1. The 7 hectares, surface area per person in the world garden......Page 123
  5.4.2. The story of urban transition in cities......Page 124
  5.4.3. The fundamental equality of self-sufficiency......Page 130
  5.4.4. Some self-sufficiency paths according to density......Page 131
  5.5.1. Post-COP21 and carbon neutrality......Page 133
  5.5.3. Carbon sequestration density......Page 135
  5.6.1. Continent-sea balance......Page 136
  5.6.3. The city, an energy-carbon monster......Page 137
  5.6.4. The mathematics of density, relocating according to the right productions......Page 138
  5.6.5. The scales in question......Page 139
 5.7. References......Page 140
 6.1. Introduction......Page 142
  6.2.1. Windows of opportunity for local players......Page 144
  6.2.2. Urban development and district heating projects still remain subject to numerous external constraints......Page 147
 6.3. The decision-based autonomy of urban heating projects from the perspective of urban development projects’ technical management......Page 150
  6.3.1. Design of the supply infrastructure: a weakly structured coordination between design arenas......Page 152
  6.3.2. Coordination of supply and demand: an even more significant division......Page 155
 6.4. Conclusions and final thoughts......Page 158
 6.5. References......Page 160
7. Positive Energy and Networks: Local Energy Autonomy as a Vector for Controlling Flows......Page 164
 7.1. Positive energy, autonomy and flow dynamics......Page 165
 7.2. The case of Lyon confluence and the Hikari block: a rhetoric of mutualization for achieving partial self-sufficiency......Page 168
 7.3. The “right” scale of autonomy and control over flows......Page 173
 7.4. From autonomy to flow management: who is in charge?......Page 178
 7.5. Conclusion......Page 183
 7.6. References......Page 184
8. From Energy Self-sufficiency to Trans-scalar Energy......Page 185
  8.1.1. Four examples of scale jumping that question self-sufficiency......Page 186
  8.1.2. Assess the strategic contribution of each operation to the networks......Page 192
  8.2.1. Using the cost–benefit analysis?......Page 193
  8.2.3. First achievement: 1,000 trees......Page 196
 8.3. The improtance of strategic planning using project levers......Page 197
  8.3.2. Liège: valorizing the electrical infrastructures of the industrial valley......Page 199
  8.3.3. Mains gas seeks its revival......Page 200
  8.3.4. From data to planning: cities think about energy......Page 201
 8.4. Conclusion......Page 203
PART 3: Energy Communities......Page 205
 9.1. Introduction......Page 206
 9.2. Technical choices and autonomy processes......Page 208
 9.3. Actors of local energy autonomy......Page 211
  9.4.1. Bringing the relevant techniques into existence......Page 216
  9.4.2. Social and geographical morphologies......Page 217
  9.4.3. The influence of regulatory and legislative frameworks......Page 221
  9.4.4. The role of energy policies and political structures......Page 222
  9.4.5. Pioneer towns: “was it easier before?”......Page 224
 9.5. From the construction to the transferability of “models” of autonomy: what impasses and issue are there?......Page 227
 9.6. References......Page 231
 10.1. Introduction......Page 233
  10.1.2. Citizens claiming networked infrastructures in Germany’s largest cities......Page 234
 10.2. Situational analyses of urban energy system transformation......Page 236
  10.3.1. (Re)negotiating infrastructures of decision-making on the power grid: the case of BEB......Page 237
  10.3.2. From protest to empowerment: civil society engagement in Hamburg’s energy distribution systems......Page 243
 10.4. Discussion: reconfiguring the social in sociotechnical?......Page 248
 10.5. Conclusion......Page 249
 10.6. References......Page 251
 11.1. Introduction......Page 258
 11.2. Mapping and genealogy of energy community approaches......Page 261
  11.2.1. Technological element: innovation at the heart of energy communities......Page 264
  11.2.3. Institutional element: framing and empowering communities......Page 265
  11.2.4. Discussion......Page 267
  11.3.1. A high presence of instrumental and normative approaches......Page 268
  11.3.2. The singularity of English language “critical localism”......Page 271
  11.3.4. The minimalist and shifting contents for the notion of community......Page 272
  11.3.5. Discussion......Page 279
 11.4. Conclusion......Page 282
 11.5. References......Page 284
PART 4: The Challenges of Energy Autonomy......Page 289
12. Regional Energy Self-sufficiency: a Legal Issue......Page 290
  12.1.1. A reality far from clichés......Page 291
  12.1.2. Going beyond the productive aspect......Page 295
  12.2.1. Municipalities that become legally self-sufficient......Page 298
  12.2.2. The energy self-sufficiency of municipalities: an organizational challenge......Page 300
 12.3. Conclusion......Page 304
 12.4. References......Page 305
 13.1. Introduction......Page 308
 13.2. From the “crisis” to electrical experiments......Page 311
  13.2.1. Electric disasters and riots......Page 312
  13.2.2. Huge investment needs......Page 313
  13.2.3. Renewables and decentralized systems: a third way for subSaharan Africa?......Page 315
 13.3. Electrical hybridizations between pragmatic autonomy and new dependencies......Page 316
  13.3.1. Rural experiments..........Page 317
  13.3.2. ... and urban hybridizations......Page 320
  13.3.3. Off-grid under constraints......Page 322
 13.4. Conclusion......Page 326
 13.5. References......Page 327
 14.1. Introduction......Page 332
 14.2. A matter of definitions......Page 333
 14.3. Technical systems and resilience......Page 336
  14.4.1. Functional resilience and system modeling......Page 338
  14.4.2. Can self-sufficiency be achieved by managing failures of technical systems?......Page 339
  14.5.1. Meta population, meta-system and self-sufficiency......Page 341
 14.7. References......Page 344
 15.1. Introduction......Page 348
 15.2. Energy and matter: urban metabolism......Page 349
 15.3. The city and its hinterlands: the lack of physical autonomy......Page 352
 15.4. Decision-making self-sufficiency: a challange ?......Page 358
 15.5. Conclusion......Page 363
 15.6. References......Page 364
List of Authors......Page 368
Index......Page 370
Other titles from iSTE in Science, Society and New Technologies......Page 373