Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Advances in High-Energy Density Batteries

Front Cover
Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Advances in High-Energy Density Batteries
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Part I: Technology background and novel materials
	Chapter 1: Introduction to the lithium-sulfur system: Technology and electric vehicle applications
		Contents
		1.1. Introduction to lithium-sulfur battery
		1.2. Electric vehicle batteries
		1.3. Early lithium-sulfur batteries
		1.4. Lithium-ion and lithium-sulfur batteries
		1.5. Sulfur
		1.6. Today\'s lithium-sulfur batteries
		1.7. Cathodes
		1.8. Anode and electrolyte
		1.9. Fundamental challenge: Low cell voltage
		1.10. Goal: Commercialized battery
		References
	Chapter 2: Solid electrolytes for lithium-sulfur batteries
		Contents
		2.1. Introduction to Li-S batteries
		2.2. Introduction to solid electrolytes
		2.3. Brief history of solid electrolytes
		2.4. Introduction to inorganic solid electrolytes
			2.4.1. Li-S batteries based on NASICON-type electrolytes
			2.4.2. Li-S battery based on garnet-type electrolytes
			2.4.3. Li-S batteries based on sulfide-type electrolytes
				2.4.3.1. Li-S batteries based on thiophosphates
				2.4.3.2. Li-S batteries based on argyrodite
				2.4.3.3. Li-S batteries based on glass and glass-ceramics
		2.5. Li-S batteries based on polymer electrolytes
			2.5.1. Solid polymer electrolytes
			2.5.2. Gel polymer electrolytes
		2.6. Summary
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 3: Applications of metal-organic frameworks for lithium-sulfur batteries
		Contents
		3.1. Introduction
		3.2. MOFs for lithium-sulfur batteries
			3.2.1. MOFs as sulfur hosts for lithium-sulfur batteries
				3.2.1.1. Pristine MOFs as sulfur hosts
					Pore structure
					Metal-containing units
					Organic ligands
				3.2.1.2. MOF composites as sulfur hosts
					MOF with carbon-based composites
						MOF/graphene composites
						MOF/carbon nanotubes composites
					MOF/conductive polymer composites
				3.2.1.3. MOF-derived materials
					MOF-derived carbon
					MOF-derived metal compounds/carbon
						MOF-derived metal/C composites
						MOF-derived metal oxide/C composites
						MOF-derived metal sulfide/C composites
						MOF-derived metal carbide/C composites
						MOF-derived metal nitride/C composites
			3.2.2. MOF-based separator/interlayer for Li-S batteries
			3.2.3. MOF-based electrolytes for Li-S batteries
			3.2.4. MOF-based anode for Li-S batteries
		3.3. Characterization techniques
			3.3.1. In situ X-ray techniques
				3.3.1.1. In situ powder X-ray diffraction
				3.3.1.2. In situ X-ray microscopy
				3.3.1.3. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy
			3.3.2. In situ optical spectroscopic techniques
				3.3.2.1. In situ UV-Vis spectroscopy
				3.3.2.2. In situ infrared spectroscopy
				3.3.2.3. In situ Raman spectroscopy
		3.4. Summary and outlook
			3.4.1. Cathode
			3.4.2. Interlayers/separators
			3.4.3. Electrolyte
			3.4.4. Anode
			3.4.5. Characterization
		Acknowledgments
		References
Part II: Modeling and characterization
	Chapter 4: Multiscale modeling of physicochemical interactions in lithium-sulfur battery electrodes
		Contents
		4.1. Introduction
		4.2. The growth of crystalline Li2S film in cathode
			4.2.1. Exposed surface of solid Li2S film
			4.2.2. Atomistic insights into the growth process
			4.2.3. Formation of Li2S/graphite interface
			4.2.4. Interfacial model for Li2S film growth
		4.3. Parasitic reactions in anode
			4.3.1. Passivation of metallic Li anode
			4.3.2. Mesoscale model for analyzing self-discharge
		4.4. Summary and outlook
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Chapter 5: Reliable HPLC-MS method for the quantitative and qualitative analyses of dissolved polysulfide ion
		Contents
		5.1. Introduction to HPLC-MS
			5.1.1. High-performance liquid chromatography
			5.1.2. Mass spectrometry and other detectors
		5.2. Dissolved polysulfide ions and their behaviors in nonaqueous electrolytes
		5.3. Advantages of HPLC-MS vs. other analytical techniques
		5.4. One-step derivatization, separation, and determination of polysulfide ions
		5.5. The mechanism of sulfur redox reaction determined in situ electrochemical-HPLC technique
			5.5.1. Mechanism studies with other techniques
			5.5.2. Investigation of sulfur redox mechanism using electrochemical HPLC techniques
				5.5.2.1. First reduction wave of sulfur: From elemental sulfur to polysulfide
				5.5.2.2. The change of dissolved polysulfide distribution during sulfur redox reaction
				5.5.2.3. Chemical equilibrium
		5.6. Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 6: Modeling of electrode, electrolyte, and interfaces of lithium-sulfur batteries
		Contents
		6.1. Introduction
		6.2. Mathematical description of porous electrode performance
		6.3. Evolution of cathode porous electrode structure
		6.4. Concentrated electrolyte transport effects
		6.5. Dynamics of the polysulfide shuttle effect
		6.6. Sources of variability: Mechanisms and properties
		6.7. Summary and outlook
		Acknowledgments
		References
Part III: Performance improvement
	Chapter 7: Recent progress in fundamental understanding of selenium-doped sulfur cathodes during charging and dischargin
		Contents
		7.1. Introduction
		7.2. Overview of SexSy cathode composition and electrochemistry
		7.3. Progress on Li-SexSy batteries with liquid electrolytes
			7.3.1. Carbonate-based electrolytes
			7.3.2. Ether-based electrolytes
			7.3.3. Highly concentrated electrolytes
			7.3.4. Fluorinated electrolytes
		7.4. All-solid-state Li-SexSy batteries
		7.5. Concluding remarks and future design strategies for SexSy-based battery systems
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 8: Suppression of lithium dendrite growth in lithium-sulfur batteries
		Contents
		8.1. Introduction
		8.2. Dendritic growth mechanism
			8.2.1. Thermodynamics
			8.2.2. Kinetics
			8.2.3. Crystallography
		8.3. Effect of Li dendrite growth on Li-S batteries
		8.4. Suppression method
			8.4.1. Separator
			8.4.2. Anode
				8.4.2.1. 3D anode
				8.4.2.2. Surface treatment
				8.4.2.3. Li powder anode
			8.4.3. Electrolyte
				8.4.3.1. Ionic liquid electrolyte
				8.4.3.2. Electrolyte additives
				8.4.3.3. Novel electrolytes
				8.4.3.4. Solid polymer electrolyte
		8.5. Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 9: The role of advanced host materials and binders for improving lithium-sulfur battery performance
		Contents
		9.1. Introduction to energy sources and rechargeable batteries
		9.2. Complex energy storage challenges and solutions
		9.3. Host materials
			9.3.1. Three-dimensional graphene hollow spheres
			9.3.2. Reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite/nitrogen-doped carbon framework
			9.3.3. Three-dimensional porous carbon composites
			9.3.4. Micro-mesoporous graphitic carbon spheres
			9.3.5. Carbon nanotube cathodes
			9.3.6. Hierarchical network macrostructure
			9.3.7. In situ wrapping process
		9.4. Binders
			9.4.1. Multifunctional polar binder
			9.4.2. Polyamidoamine dendrimer-based binders
			9.4.3. PAA/PEDOT: PSS as a functional binder
		9.5. Conclusions and future directions
		References
Part IV: Future directions: Solid-state materials and novel battery architectures
	Chapter 10: Future prospects for lithium-sulfur batteries: The criticality of solid electrolytes
		Contents
		10.1. The advantages of lithium-sulfur batteries
		10.2. The challenges of conventional sulfur electrodes when used with liquid electrolytes
			10.2.1. Solid electrolytes in lithium-sulfur batteries
		10.3. Lithium metal electrodes in lithium-sulfur batteries
		10.4. Path forward
		Dedication
		References
	Chapter 11: New approaches to high-energy-density cathode and anode architectures for lithium-sulfur batteries
		Contents
		11.1. Introduction
		11.2. Novel confinement architectures for sulfur cathodes
			11.2.1. Synthesis of Li-ion conductors on novel carbon framework-polymer-coated materials
			11.2.2. Chemical and electrochemical characterizations of novel framework materials
			11.2.3. Follow-on processing of complex framework materials
				11.2.3.1. Polyacrylonitrile polymer processing
				11.2.3.2. Polyacrylonitrile coating on super P and YP-80F
				11.2.3.3. Preparation of LiOPAN-coated super P/YP-80F-sulfur composites
		11.3. Assembly and testing of pouch cells
			11.3.1. Overview of pouch cell fabrication process
			11.3.2. Super P-containing pouch cell cycling capacity studies
			11.3.3. YP-80F-containing pouch cell cycling capacity studies
		11.4. Coin cells: Preparation of hybrid solid electrolyte-coated battery separators
			11.4.1. Li plating and deplating studies
		11.5. Directly deposited sulfur architectures
			11.5.1. Advanced materials and processing approaches
			11.5.2. Pouch cell fabrication
			11.5.3. Applications for practical battery systems
			11.5.4. Functional electrocatalysts for conversion of polysulfides
			11.5.5. Directly doped sulfur architectures with higher loadings of sulfur
				11.5.5.1. Synthesis
				11.5.5.2. Characterization
				11.5.5.3. Electrochemical performance
				11.5.5.4. Discussion of characterization and electrochemical performance
				11.5.5.5. Discussion of X-ray photoelectron and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
				11.5.5.6. Sulfur-infiltrated sulfur-copper-bipyridine-derived complex framework materials
		11.6. Computational studies to identify functional electrocatalysts
			11.6.1. Theoretical methodology
			11.6.2. Computational results
		11.7. Functional electrocatalysts and related materials for polysulfide decomposition
			11.7.1. Functional electrocatalyst material preparation and characterization
				11.7.1.1. Titanium oxide-based functional electrocatalyst material preparation
				11.7.1.2. Characterization of titanium oxide-based functional electrocatalysts
				11.7.1.3. Bifunctional electrocatalyst cathode material (BCCM) synthesis
				11.7.1.4. Chemical and electrochemical characterization of bifunctional catalysts
				11.7.1.5. Synthesis of lithium-ion conductor coated on bifunctional electrocatalyst cathode materials
				11.7.1.6. Chemical and electrochemical characterization of Li-ion-coated bifunctional electrocatalysts
			11.7.2. Novel complex framework material processing and characterization
				11.7.2.1. 3D printing complex framework material-sulfure architecture
				11.7.2.2. Chemical and electrochemical characterization of 3D-printed materials
				11.7.2.3. Synthesis of electrical conductor coated on complex framework materials
				11.7.2.4. Chemical and electrochemical characterization of EC-CFMs
			11.7.3. Synthetic polymer binder with carbon framework materials
			11.7.4. Hybrid active material (HBA) synthesis and characterization
			11.7.5. Inorganic framework materials
				11.7.5.1. Synthesis of boron nitride-S materials
				11.7.5.2. Characterization of boron nitride-S materials
				11.7.5.3. Synthesis of zeolite (ZSM-5)-S materials
				11.7.5.4. Characterization of zeolite-S materials
		11.8. Engineering dendrite-free anodes for Li-S batteries
			11.8.1. Theoretical strategies to overcome the diffusion barrier in structurally isomorphous alloys
			11.8.2. Electrochemical cycling of Li-SIA alloys
			11.8.3. Multicomponent alloys as dendrite-free anodes
		11.9. Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 12: A solid-state approach to a lithium-sulfur battery
		Contents
		12.1. Introduction
		12.2. Solid electrolytes
			12.2.1. Solid polymer electrolytes
				12.2.1.1. PEO-based solid polymer electrolytes
				12.2.1.2. Single-ion-conducting SPEs
			12.2.2. Ceramic electrolytes
				12.2.2.1. Oxide-based ceramics electrolytes
				12.2.2.2. Sulfide-based ceramics electrolytes
		12.3. Polymer/ceramic hybrid composite electrolytes
		12.4. Stable Li metal anodes for all-solid-state Li-S batteries
			12.4.1. Li anode/sulfide-based solid-state electrolyte
			12.4.2. Li anode/oxide-based solid-state electrolytes
			12.4.3. Li anode/solid polymer electrolytes
		12.5. Sulfur-based cathode composites for all-solid-state Li-S batteries
			12.5.1. Cathode/oxide-based electrolyte interface
			12.5.2. Cathode/sulfide-based electrolyte interface
			12.5.3. Cathode/solid polymer electrolytes interface
		12.6. All-solid-state thin-film batteries
		12.7. Conclusions
		References
Part V: Applications: System-level issues and challenging environments
	Chapter 13: State estimation methodologies for lithium-sulfur battery management systems
		Contents
		13.1. Introduction
		13.2. Lithium-sulfur battery models
			13.2.1. Li-S battery electrochemical models
			13.2.2. Li-S battery equivalent circuit network models
		13.3. Li-S BMS: State estimation methods
			13.3.1. Weakness of direct methods for Li-S SoC estimation
				13.3.1.1. Coulomb counting method
				13.3.1.2. Open-circuit voltage method
			13.3.2. Indirect methods based on control theory and computer science for Li-S SoC estimation
				13.3.2.1. Li-S state estimation methods based on control theory
					Extended Kalman filter for SoC estimation
					Unscented Kalman filter for SoC estimation
					Particle filter for SoC estimation
				13.3.2.2. Nonmodel Li-S state computer science-based estimation techniques
		13.4. Performance of state estimation methods
			13.4.1. Li-S battery testing
			13.4.2. Estimation results analysis for recursive Bayesian filters
			13.4.3. Estimation results analysis for computer science techniques
				13.4.3.1. Estimation results for ANFIS with discharge current pulses
				13.4.3.2. Estimation results for ANFIS with UDDS (urban dynamometer driving schedule) cycle current profile
				13.4.3.3. Estimation results for SVM classifier with the Millbrook London transport bus (MLTB) test
		13.5. Conclusions and outlook
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 14: Batteries for aeronautics and space exploration: Recent developments and future prospects
		Contents
		14.1. Introduction
		14.2. Energy storage for (solar-) electric aircraft and high-altitude airships
			14.2.1. Batteries for solar-electric aircraft
			14.2.2. All-electric battery-powered aircraft
			14.2.3. Batteries for high-altitude airships
			14.2.4. High-altitude platforms: Power considerations and alternative technologies
				14.2.4.1. Energy storage technology options
				14.2.4.2. Comparison to hydrocarbon-powered platforms
				14.2.4.3. Performance analysis of high-altitude platforms
		14.3. Overview of energy storage for space exploration
		14.4. Recent NASA missions to Mercury, Mars, and small bodies
			14.4.1. Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging (MESSENGER) mission
			14.4.2. Battery technologies for Mars surface rovers
			14.4.3. Notable NASA exploration missions to comets and asteroids
		14.5. Radiation issues and exploration missions to the Jupiter region
			14.5.1. Radiation in space and impact on rechargeable batteries
			14.5.2. Upcoming missions to Jupiter and several of its icy moons
		14.6. Next generation(s) of battery technologies for space exploration
			14.6.1. Future space exploration: Battery technology options and considerations
			14.6.2. Upcoming missions to three major classes of asteroids
			14.6.3. Aerial exploration of other planetary bodies: Mars, Titan, and Venus
			14.6.4. Off-world utilization of local resources for inhabited settlements
		14.7. Conclusions
		References
Index
Back Cover