Literature and the Writing Process (11th Edition)

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Contents by Genre
Thematic Table of Contents
Preface
Part I Composing: An Overview
	Chapter 1 The Prewriting Process
		Reading for Writing
			James Joyce, Eveline
		Who Are My Readers?
			Analyze the Audience
		Why Am I Writing?
			Reasons for Writing
		What Ideas Should I Use?
			Reading and Thinking Critically
		Discovering and Developing Ideas
			Self-Questioning
			Directed Freewriting
			Problem Solving
		Sample Student Prewriting: Directed Freewriting
			Clustering
		What Point Should I Make?
		Sample Student Prewriting: Clustering
			Relating a Part to the Whole
			Finding the Theme
			Stating the Thesis
	Chapter 2 The Writing Process
		How Should I Organize My Ideas?
		Arguing Your Interpretation
			The Elements of Good Argument
			Building an Effective Argument
			Arranging the Ideas
		Developing with Details
			Questions for Consideration
		Maintaining a Critical Focus
			Distinguishing Critical Comments from Plot Details
		How Should I Begin?
			Postpone If Nothing Comes
			Write an Appealing Opening
			State the Thesis
		How Should I End?
			Relate the Discussion to Theme
			Postpone or Write Ahead
			Write an Emphatic Final Sentence
		Composing the First Draft
			Pausing to Rescan
		Quoting from Your Sources
		Sample Student Paper: First Draft
	Chapter 3 Writing a Convincing Argument
		Interpreting and Arguing
			Identifying Issues
			Making Claims
			Using Evidence
			Using Reasoning
			Answering Opposing Views
		Organizing Your Argument
			Using the Inductive Approach
			Making a Counterargument
			Arguing through Comparison
		Sample Student Paper: An Argument
			Dagoberto Gilb, Love in L.A.
	Chapter 4 The Rewriting Process
		What Is Revision?
		Getting Feedback: Peer Review
			Revising in Peer Groups
		What Should I Add or Take Out?
			Outlining After the First Draft
			Making the Outline
			Checking the Outline
		Sample Student Work: After-Writing Outline
			Examining the Sample Outline
		What Should I Rearrange?
		Does It Flow?
		What Is Editing?
			Combining for Conciseness
		Rearranging for Emphasis and Variety
			Varying the Pattern
		Which Words Should I Change?
			Check Your Verbs
			Use Active Voice Most of the Time
			Use Passive Voice If Appropriate
			Feel the Words
			Attend to Tone
			Use Formal Language
		What Is Proofreading?
			Try Reading It Backward
			Look for Your Typical Errors
			Read the Paper Aloud
			Find a Friend to Help
		Sample Student Paper: Final Draft
	Chapter 5 Researched Writing
		Using Library Sources in Your Writing
		Conducting Your Research
			Locating Sources
			Using the Online Catalog
			Using Indexes and Databases
			Using the Internet
			Evaluating Online Sources
			Using Reference Works in Print
		Working with Sources
			Taking Notes
			Using a Research Notebook
			Using the Printout/Photocopy Option
			Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting
		Sample Student Entry in a Divided-Page Notebook
			Devising a Working Outline
		Writing a First Draft
			Organizing Your Notes
			Using Quotations and Paraphrases
			Integrating Sources
			Block Quotations
			Quoting from Primary Sources
			Avoiding Plagiarism
		Rewriting and Editing
			Documenting Your Sources
			Revising the Draft
			Formatting Your Paper
		Sample Student Paper in MLA Style
		Sample Published Article
		Explanation of the MLA Documentation Style
			In-Text Citations
			Preparing the List of Works Cited
		Sample Entries for a List of Works Cited
			Citing Print Publications
			Citing Online Publications
			Citing Other Common Sources
Part II Writing About Short Fiction
	Chapter 6 How Do I Read Short Fiction?
		Notice the Structure
		Consider Point of View and Setting
		Study the Characters
		Foils
		Look for Specialized Literary Techniques
		Examine the Title
		Investigate the Author’s Life and Times
		Continue Questioning to Discover Theme
	Chapter 7 Writing About Structure
		What Is Structure?
		How Do I Discover Structure?
		Looking at Structure
			Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried
		The Writing Process
			Prewriting
			Writing
				Relating Details to Theme
			Ideas for Writing
				Ideas for Reflective Writing
				Ideas for Critical Writing
				Ideas for Researched Writing
				MultiModal Project
			Rewriting
				Integrating Quotations Gracefully
	Chapter 8 Writing About Imagery and Symbolism
		What Are Images?
		What Are Symbols?
			Archetypal Symbols
			Phallic and Yonic Symbols
		How Will I Recognize Symbols?
			Reference Works on Symbols
		Looking at Images and Symbols
			Shirley Jackson, The Lottery
		The Writing Process
			Prewriting
				Interpreting Symbols
			Writing
				Producing a Workable Thesis
			Ideas for Writing
				Ideas for Reflective Writing
				Ideas for Critical Writing
				Ideas for Researched Writing
				MultiModal Project
			Rewriting
				Sharpening the Introduction
			Sample Student Paper on Symbolism: Second and Final Drafts
	Chapter 9 Writing About Point of View
		What Is Point of View?
			Describing Point of View
		Looking at Point of View
			Alice Walker, Everyday Use
		The Writing Process
			Prewriting
			Writing
				Relating Point of View to Theme
			Ideas for Writing
				Ideas for Reflective Writing
				Ideas for Critical Writing
				Ideas for Researched Writing
				MultiModal Project
			Rewriting
				Techniques for Sharpening the Conclusion
	Chapter 10 Writing About Setting and Atmosphere
		What Are Setting and Atmosphere?
		Looking at Setting and Atmosphere
			Tobias Wolff, Hunters in the Snow
		The Writing Process
			Prewriting
			Writing
				Discovering an Organization
			Ideas for Writing
				Ideas for Reflective Writing
				Ideas for Critical Writing
				Ideas for Researched Writing
				MultiModal Project
			Rewriting
				Checking Your Organization
				Improving the Style: Balanced Sentences
	Chapter 11 Writing About Theme
		What Is Theme?
		Looking at Theme
			Flannery O’Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find
		The Writing Process
			Prewriting
			Writing
				Choosing Supporting Details
			Ideas for Writing
				Ideas for Reflective Writing
				Ideas for Critical Writing
				Ideas for Researched Writing
				MultiModal Project
			Rewriting
				Achieving Coherence
			Editing
				Repeat Words and Synonyms
				Try Parallel Structure
	Chapter 12 Critical Casebook: Joyce Carol Oates’s “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?”
		Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
		The Story’s Origins
		Four Critical Interpretations
			Topics for Discussion and Writing
			Ideas for Researched Writing
			MultiModal Project
	Chapter 13 Anthology of Short Fiction
		Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Birthmark
		Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado
		Sarah Orne Jewett, A White Heron
		Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour
		Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper
		James Joyce, Araby
		Katherine Anne Porter, The Grave
		Zora Neale Hurston, “Spunk
		William Faulkner, Barn Burning
		Ernest Hemingway, Hills Like White Elephants
		Arna Bontemps, A Summer Tragedy
		Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing
		Hisaye Yamamoto, Seventeen Syllables
		Rosario Morales, The Day It Happened
		Raymond Carver, What We Talk About When We Talk About Love
		T. Coraghessan Boyle, The Love of My Life
		Louise Erdrich, The Red Convertible
	Chapter 14 A Portfolio of Science Fiction Stories
		Ray Bradbury, There Will Come Soft Rains
		Ursula K. Le Guin, The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
		Octavia E. Butler, Speech Sounds
			MultiModal Project
		Sample Student Paper: Comparing Dystopias
	Chapter 15 A Portfolio of Humorous and Satirical Stories
		H. H. Munro (“Saki”), The Open Window
		John Updike, A & P
		Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings
		Ron Hansen, My Kid’s Dog
			MultiModal Project
	Chapter 16 A Portfolio of Stories about Singular Women
		Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill
		John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums
		Eudora Welty, A Worn Path
		Katherine Min, Secondhand World
			MultiModal Project
	Part Iii
Part III Writing About Poetry
	Chapter 17 How Do I Read Poetry?
		Get the Literal Meaning First: Paraphrase
		Make Associations for Meaning
	Chapter 18 Writing About Persona and Tone
		Who Is Speaking?
		What Is Tone?
		Recognizing Verbal Irony
		Describing Tone
		Looking at Persona and Tone
			Theodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz
			W. D. Ehrhart, Sins of the Father
			Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid
			W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen
			Edmund Waller, Go, Lovely Rose
		The Writing Process
			Prewriting
				Asking Questions About the Speaker in “My Papa’s Waltz”
				Devising a Thesis
				Developing a Thesis
				Formulating a Thesis
			Writing
				Explicating and Analyzing
			Ideas For Writing
				Ideas for Reflective Writing
				Ideas for Critical Writing
				Ideas for Researched Writing
				MultiModal Project
			Editing
				Quoting Poetry in Essays
			Sample Student Paper: Persona and Tone
				Analyzing the Student’s Reflection
	Chapter 19 Writing About Poetic Language
		What Do the Words Suggest?
			Connotation and Denotation
			Figures of Speech
			Metaphor and Simile
			Personification
			Imagery
			Symbol
			Paradox
			Oxymoron
		Looking at Poetic Language
			Mary Oliver, August
			Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider
			William Shakespeare, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?
			Kay Ryan, Turtle
			Hayden Carruth, In the Long Hall
			Donald Hall, My Son My Executioner
		The Writing Process
			Prewriting
			Writing
				Comparing and Contrasting
			Ideas For Writing
				Ideas for Reflective Writing
				Ideas for Critical Writing
				Ideas for Researched Writing
				MultiModal Project
			Rewriting: Style
				Choosing Vivid, Descriptive Terms
			Sample Student Paper: Poetic Language
	Chapter 20 Writing About Poetic Form
		What Are the Forms of Poetry?
			Rhythm and Rhyme
			Alliteration, Assonance, and Consonance
			Stanzas: Closed and Open Forms
			Poetic Syntax
			Visual Poetry
		Looking at the Forms of Poetry
			Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool
			A. E. Housman, Eight O’Clock
			E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town
			Robert Frost, The Silken Tent
			Billy Collins, Sonnet
			David Shumate, A Hundred Years from Now
			Roger McGough, 40-----Love
		The Writing Process
			Prewriting
			Writing
				Relating Form to Meaning
			Ideas for Writing
				Ideas for Expressive Writing
				Ideas for Critical Writing
				Ideas for Researched Writing
				MultiModal Project
			Rewriting: Style
				Finding the Exact Word
			Sample Student Paper on Poetic Form
			Sample Published Essay: Poetic Form
	Chapter 21 Critical Casebook: The Poetry of Langston Hughes
		Langston Hughes: A Brief Biography
		Langston Hughes
			The Negro Speaks of Rivers
			Mother to Son
			The Weary Blues
			Saturday Night
			Harlem (A Dream Deferred)
			Theme for English B
		Critical Commentaries
			Arnold Rampersad, “On the Persona in ‘The Negro Speaks of Rivers’ ”
			Margaret Larkin, “A Poet for the People”
			Karen Jackson Ford, “Do Right to Write Right: Langston Hughes’s Aesthetics of Simplicity”
			Peter Townsend, “Jazz and Langston Hughes’s Poetry”
			Langston Hughes, “Harlem Rent Parties”
		Ideas for Writing About Langston Hughes
		Ideas for Researched Writing
			MultiModal Project
	Chapter 22 The Art of Poetry
		Poetic Interpretations of Art
			Lisel Mueller, American Literature
		Edward Hopper, Nighthawks
			Samuel Yellen, Nighthawks
			Susan Ludvigson, Inventing My Parents
		Peter Brueghel the Elder, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus
			W. H. Auden, Musée des Beaux Arts
		Paolo Uccello, St. George and the Dragon
			U. A. Fanthorpe, Not My Best Side
		Vincent Van Gogh, The Starry Night
			Anne Sexton, The Starry Night
		Henri Matisse, The Red Studio
			W. D. Snodgrass, Matisse: ‘The Red Studio’
		Kitagawa Utamaro, Two Women Fixing Their Hair
			Cathy Song, Beauty and Sadness
		The Art of Poetry
			Questions for Discussion
		Poetry and Art: Ideas for Writing
			MultiModal Project
		Sample Student Paper: Reflection on Poetry and Art
			Making Connections
	Chapter 23 Anthology of Poetry
		Thomas Wyatt, They Flee from Me
		William Shakespeare
			When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men’s Eyes
			Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds
			That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold
			My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun
		John Donne
			Death, Be Not Proud
			The Flea
			A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
		Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress
		William Blake
			The Lamb
			The Tyger
			The Sick Rose
		William Wordsworth
			The World Is Too Much with Us
			I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
		George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty
		Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias
		John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn
		Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses
		Walt Whitman
			When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer
			Song of Myself (Section 11)
		Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach
		Emily Dickinson
			Faith Is a Fine Invention
			I’m Nobody! Who Are You?
			Much Madness Is Divinest Sense
			Because I Could Not Stop for Death
			Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church
			Wild Nights—Wild Nights!
		Christina Rossetti, In an Artist’s Studio
		Gerard Manley Hopkins
			Pied Beauty
			Spring and Fall
		A. E. Housman
			To an Athlete Dying Young
			Loveliest of Trees
		William Butler Yeats
			The Second Coming
			Sailing to Byzantium
		Edgar Lee Masters
			Lucinda Matlock
			Margaret Fuller Slack
		Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask
		Robert Frost
			Mending Wall
			Birches
			”Out, Out—”
			Fire and Ice
			Design
		Carl Sandburg
			Fog
			Chicago
		Mina Loy, Moreover, the Moon
		William Carlos Williams
			Danse Russe
			The Red Wheelbarrow
		D. H. Lawrence, Piano
		T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
		Edna St. Vincent Millay
			Oh, Oh, You Will Be Sorry for That Word
			First Fig
		E. E. Cummings
			in Just-
			pity this busy monster,manunkind
		Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning
		W. H. Auden, Funeral Blues
		Elizabeth Bishop, One Art
		Karl Shapiro, Auto Wreck
		Octavio Paz, The Street
		Dudley Randall
			Ballad of Birmingham
			To the Mercy Killers
		William Stafford, Traveling Through the Dark
		Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night
		James Dickey, The Leap
		Lisel Mueller, Losing My Sight
		Maxine Kumin, Woodchucks
		Frank O’Hara, Having a Coke with You
		David Wagoner, The Escaped Gorilla
		Anne Sexton, You All Know the Story of the Other Woman
		Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers
		Ruth Fainlight, Flower Feet
		Marge Piercy, Barbie Doll
		Sharon Olds
			Sex Without Love
			The Death of Marilyn Monroe
		Edward Hirsch, Execution
		Jimmy Santiago Baca, There Are Black
		Judith Ortiz Cofer, Latin Women Pray
		Cornelius Eady, The Supremes
		Martín Espada, Bully
	Chapter 24 Paired Poems for Comparison
		Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
		Sir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd
		Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
		Gabriel Spera, My Ex-Husband
		Walt Whitman, Of the Terrible Doubt of Appearances
		Tony Hoagland, Romantic Moment
		Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory
		Paul Simon, Richard Cory
		Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
		George Bilgere, Like Riding a Bicycle
		Gwendolyn Brooks, The Bean Eaters
		Katha Pollitt, The Old Neighbors
	Chapter 25 A Portfolio of Poems About Work
		Jean Toomer, Reapers
		John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player
		Marge Piercy, To Be of Use
		Alberto Ríos, In Second Grade Miss Lee I Promised Never to Forget You and I Never Did
		Dorianne Laux, What I Wouldn’t Do
		Lynn Powell, Acceptance Speech
		Stephen Cushman, Beside the Point
		Nancy A. Henry, People Who Take Care
			MultiModal Project
	Chapter 26 A Portfolio of War Poetry
		Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta, on Going to the Wars
		Stephen Crane, War Is Kind
		Amy Lowell, Patterns
		Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est
		Mitsuye Yamada, To the Lady
		Peg Lauber, Six National Guardsmen Blown Up Together
		Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It
			MultiModal Project
	Chapter 27 A Portfolio of Humorous and Satirical Poetry
		Linda Pastan, Marks
		Ron Koertge, Cinderella’s Diary
		Billy Collins, Introduction to Poetry
		Andrea Carlisle, Emily Dickinson’s To-Do List
		Craig Raine, A Martian Sends a Postcard Home
		Jan Beatty, A Waitress’s Instructions on Tipping or Get the Cash Up and Don’t Waste My Time
		Jeanne Marie Beaumont, Afraid So
		Peter Pereira, Reconsidering the Seven
			MultiModal Project
Part IV Writing About Drama
	Chapter 28 How Do I Read a Play?
		Listen to the Lines
		Visualize the Scene
		Envision the Action
		Drama on Film
	Chapter 29 Writing About Dramatic Structure
		What Is Dramatic Structure?
		Looking at Dramatic Structure
			Sophocles, Antigone
		The Writing Process
			Prewriting
			Writing
				Discovering a Workable Argumentative Thesis
				Quoting from a Play
			Ideas for Writing
				Ideas for Reflective Writing
				Ideas for Critical Writing
				Ideas for Researched Writing
				MultiModal Project
			Rewriting
				Avoiding Unclear Language
			Sample Student Paper
	Chapter 30 Writing About Character
		What Is the Modern Hero?
			The Classical Tragic Hero
			The Modern Tragic Hero
		Looking at the Modern Hero
			Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie
		The Writing Process
			Prewriting
			Writing
				Choosing a Structure
			Ideas for Writing
				Ideas for Reflective Writing
				Ideas for Critical Writing
				Ideas for Researched Writing
				MultiModal Project
			Rewriting
				Developing Paragraphs Specifically
	Chapter 31 Critical Casebook: The Glass Menagerie: Interpreting Amanda
		Eight Critical Interpretations
			Burton Rasco, Review of The Glass Menagerie
			Durant Da Ponte, “Tennessee Williams’ Gallery of Feminine Characters”
			Joseph K. Davis, “Landscapes of the Dislocated Mind”
			Marc Robinson, “Amanda”
			C. W. E. Bigsby, “Entering The Glass Menagerie”
			Chris Jones, “A Domestic Drama of Dashed Dreams”
			Charles Isherwood, “Gritty Polish for a Tennessee Williams Jewel”
			Ben Brantley, “The Shape of Memory, Both Fragile and Fierce”
		Responding to the Critics
		Ideas for Researched Writing
			MultiModal Project
	Chapter 32 Anthology of Drama
		William Shakespeare, Othello, the Moor of Venice
		Susan Glaspell, Trifles
		Henrik Ibsen, A Doll’s House
	Chapter 33 A Portfolio of Humorous and Satirical Plays
		Jane Martin, Beauty
		David Ives, Sure Thing
			MultiModal Project
Part V Critical Approaches to Literature
	Chapter 34 Critical Approaches for Interpreting Literature
		Literary Criticism
		Formalism
		Historical Approaches
			Biographical
			Cultural
			Marxist
		Psychological Approaches
		Mythological and Archetypal Approaches
		Gender Focus
		Reader Response
		Deconstruction
		Intertextual Approaches
			Where Do You Stand?
	Chapter 35 Critical Casebook: Writing About Culture and Identity
		What Is Cultural Analysis?
		Short Stories
			Kate Chopin, Désirée’s Baby
			Sherwood Anderson, Hands
			Chinua Achebe, Dead Men’s Path
			Andre Dubus, The Fat Girl
			Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson
			Sandra Cisneros, Geraldo No Last Name
			Celeste Ng, How To Be Chinese
		Poetry
			William Blake, London
			Claude McKay, America
			Countee Cullen, Incident
			James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio
			Audre Lorde, Hanging Fire
			Gina Valdés, My Mother Sews Blouses
			Gregory Djanikian, Immigrant Picnic
			Essex Hemphill, Commitments
			Richard Blanco, América
		Drama
			Alice Childress, Florence
			Luis Valdez, Los Vendidos
		The Writing Process
			Prewriting: Exploring Cultural Themes
			Ideas for Writing: Making Connections
				MultiModal Projects
Glossary Literary and Rhetorical Terms
Credits
Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poems
Subject Index
Resources for Reading and Interpreting Literature