Liquid Sample Introduction in ICP Spectrometry: A Practical Guide

Cover Page......Page 1
Preface......Page 2
Introduction......Page 4
Introduction......Page 6
Physical Properties of a Plasma......Page 7
Energy Delivered by the Plasma......Page 8
Carrier Gas Flow Rate and Droplet Velocity......Page 9
Desolvation and Vaporization......Page 11
Plasma Loading......Page 12
Organic Solvents......Page 13
Ideal Aerosol......Page 14
Chemical Resistance......Page 16
Other Constraints in Sample Introduction Systems......Page 18
Introduction......Page 19
Wave generation......Page 21
Need for a supersonic gas velocity......Page 22
Main pneumatic nebulizer designs used in ICP spectrometry......Page 24
Sample delivery......Page 25
Principle......Page 26
Different designs......Page 29
Possibility of free liquid uptake rate......Page 33
Critical dimensions......Page 34
Renebulization......Page 37
Nebulizer tip blocking......Page 39
Influence of the gas and delivery rates on drop size distribution......Page 41
Spatial distribution and velocity......Page 45
Cross-flow nebulizers......Page 47
High-solids nebulizers......Page 50
Principle......Page 52
Critical dimensions......Page 54
comparison of the different conventional pneumatic nebulizers......Page 56
pneumatic micronebulizers......Page 59
High-Efficiency Nebulizer (HEN)......Page 61
Microconcentric Nebulizer (MCN)......Page 62
MicroMist nebulizer (MMN)......Page 63
PFA micronebulizer (PFAN)......Page 64
Demountable concentric micronebulizers......Page 65
High-efficiency cross-flow micronebulizer (HECFMN)......Page 66
Sonic-Spray Nebulizer (SSN)......Page 67
High-Solids MicroNebulizer (HSMN)......Page 68
Direct-Injection Nebulizer (DIN)......Page 69
Direct-Injection High-Efficiency Nebulizer (DIHEN)......Page 70
Vulkan Direct-Injection Nebulizer......Page 73
Comparison of micronebulizers......Page 75
Introduction......Page 79
Aerosol Transport Phenomena......Page 80
Droplet evaporation......Page 81
Droplet coagulation......Page 86
Droplet impacts......Page 90
Double-pass spray chamber......Page 92
Cyclonic type spray chamber......Page 99
Single-pass spray chambers......Page 106
Comparison of Conventional Spray Chambers......Page 109
Low Inner Volume Spray Chambers......Page 111
Aerosol transport and signal production processes at low liquid flow rates......Page 112
Low inner volume spray chamber designs......Page 115
Tandem systems......Page 119
Conclusions on Spray Chambers......Page 120
Introduction......Page 121
Overview of the Effect of the Solvent in ICP-AES and ICP-MS......Page 122
Solvent evaporation......Page 124
Nucleation or recondensation......Page 126
Indirect aerosol heating......Page 127
Radiative aerosol heating......Page 129
Nucleation problem in the condenser......Page 131
Main condensation systems......Page 132
Solvent removal through membranes......Page 133
Thermostated spray chambers......Page 136
Two-step desolvation systems......Page 137
Multiple-step desolvation systems......Page 138
Desolvation systems based on the use of membranes......Page 139
Radiative desolvation systems......Page 141
Desolvation systems for the analysis of microsamples......Page 142
Comparison Among Different Desolvation Systems......Page 144
Introduction......Page 149
Effects on the aerosol generation......Page 150
Effects on the aerosol transport......Page 151
Inorganic And Organic Acids......Page 152
Influence on the aerosol characteristics......Page 153
Effect on the solution transport rate......Page 154
Effects in the excitation/ionization cell......Page 155
Effect of acids on analytical results: Key variables......Page 156
Acid concentration and nature......Page 157
Effect of the design of the sample introduction system......Page 158
Effect of the plasma observation zone and observation mode......Page 160
Effect on the equilibration time......Page 161
Methods for overcoming acid effects......Page 162
Easily and Non-easily Ionized Elements......Page 164
Effect on the solution transport rate......Page 165
Effects in the excitation/ionization cell......Page 166
Effect of elements on ICP-AES analytical results: Key variables......Page 167
Effect of the interfering element concentration and nature......Page 168
Effect of the nebulizer gas flow rate and hf power......Page 169
Effect of the plasma-observation zone......Page 170
Effect of the plasma observation mode......Page 171
Effect of the liquid sample introduction system......Page 172
Proposed mechanisms explaining the matrix effects in ICP-AES......Page 173
Effect of elements on ICP-MS analytical results: Key variables......Page 174
Effect of the nebulizer gas flow rate......Page 175
Effect of the spectrometer configuration......Page 176
Additional variables......Page 177
Proposed mechanisms explaining the matrix effects in ICP-MS......Page 178
Internal standard and related methods......Page 180
Methods based on the use of multivariate calibration techniques......Page 182
Organic Solvents......Page 183
Effects on the performance of sample introduction system......Page 184
Plasma effects......Page 185
Effect of the operating conditions......Page 187
Effect of the solvent nature......Page 188
Low sample consumption systems......Page 189
Desolvation systems......Page 190
Conclusions......Page 192
Selecting a Liquid Sample Introduction System: General Aspects......Page 193
Liquid Sample Introduction System......Page 194
Sample Introduction Systems for Particular Kinds of Samples or Applications......Page 199
Selecting an Aerosol Transport Device......Page 200
Peristaltic Pump......Page 204
Measurement of the Mg II/Mg I ratio......Page 207
Procedure......Page 208
Operation and Troubleshooting of Concentric Nebulizers......Page 210
Operation, Maintenance and Troubleshooting of Parallel Path Nebulizers......Page 214
Operation, Maintenance and Troubleshooting of Spray Chambers......Page 215
Introduction......Page 219
Description of Applications of Low Sample Consumption Systems......Page 220
Selected Applications......Page 221
Acronyms......Page 235
 References......Page 237