Lipids, An Issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics

Cover......Page 1
Foreword......Page 2
Preface......Page 5
Advanced Lipoprotein Testing: Recommendations Based on Current Evidence......Page 6
Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol......Page 7
Vertical density gradient ultracentrifugation......Page 9
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy......Page 10
Evidence for advanced lipid testing......Page 11
The Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level Versus the Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level as a Predictor of the Risk for Coronary Heart Disease......Page 12
Positive Results of the Apolipoprotein B Versus the Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level as a Predictor of the Risk for Coronary Heart Disease......Page 17
Less Favorable Results of Apolipoprotein B Versus the Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level as a Predictor for the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease......Page 19
Low-Density Lipoprotein Particle Number is Better than Low-Density Cholesterol Level as a Predictor of the Risk for Coronary Heart Disease......Page 20
All Variables Compared in One Population......Page 22
Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, and Apolipoprotein B Level as Predictors of the Risk for Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetic Patients......Page 27
Recommendations......Page 29
Summary......Page 32
References......Page 33
Baseline measurements as predictors of coronary heart disease risk......Page 37
Coronary heart disease outcomes......Page 38
Past history of coronary heart disease risk estimation......Page 39
Coronary heart disease risk algorithm development......Page 40
Discrimination......Page 41
Recalibration......Page 42
Reclassification......Page 43
Future of coronary heart disease prediction......Page 44
References......Page 45
Lifestyle Approaches and Dietary Strategies to Lower LDL-Cholesterol and Triglycerides and Raise HDL-Cholesterol......Page 49
Saturated Fatty Acids......Page 50
Trans Fatty Acids......Page 51
Soluble Fiber......Page 53
Stanols/Sterols......Page 54
Soy......Page 56
Weight Loss......Page 58
Therapeutic Lifestyle Change Diet......Page 59
Very Low Fat Diet......Page 61
Omega 3 Fatty Acids......Page 62
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids......Page 64
Physical Activity......Page 65
Alcohol......Page 67
Very Low Carbohydrate Diet......Page 68
Mediterranean Diet......Page 69
References......Page 71
Lowering Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: Statins, Ezetimibe, Bile Acid Sequestrants, and Combinations: Comparative Efficacy and Safety......Page 83
Targets of therapy for hyperlipidemia......Page 84
Statins......Page 85
Mechanism of Action......Page 86
Dosing and Efficacy......Page 87
Adverse Effects......Page 88
Efficacy of Bile Acid Sequestrants......Page 90
Mechanism of Action......Page 91
Statin Plus Bile Acid Sequestrants......Page 92
Statin Plus Niacin......Page 93
Ezetimibe with Bile Acid-Binding Resins......Page 94
References......Page 95
Other Therapies for Reducing Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: Medications in Development......Page 102
Apolipoprotein B Antisense......Page 104
Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein Inhibitors......Page 110
Systemic microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitors......Page 111
Intestinal microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitors......Page 112
Squalene Synthase Inhibitors......Page 113
Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Inhibitors......Page 116
Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors......Page 117
References......Page 118
Definition of terms......Page 123
The incidence of statin-related myopathy......Page 124
The risk factors for statin myopathy......Page 125
The pathophysiological mechanisms of statin-induced myopathy......Page 130
The management of statin myopathy......Page 132
Symptomatic Patients......Page 134
References......Page 135
Chylomicron metabolism......Page 139
Clinical presentation......Page 141
Causes......Page 142
Chronic therapies......Page 143
Fasting hypertriglyceridemia......Page 145
Treatment......Page 146
Fibric acids......Page 147
Anti-diabetic drugs......Page 148
References......Page 149
Novel Therapies for Increasing Serum Levels of HDL......Page 152
Reverse cholesterol transport......Page 155
Other antiatherogenic effects of high-density lipoprotein......Page 156
Novel therapies for increasing high-density lipoprotein......Page 158
Infusible High-Density Lipoprotein Mimetics......Page 159
Liver X Receptor-alphaAgonists......Page 161
D-4F and Other ApoA Mimetics......Page 162
Farnesoid X Receptor Antagonists......Page 163
Summary......Page 164
References......Page 165
Early atherosclerosis......Page 172
Diagnosing dyslipidemia......Page 174
Therapeutic Lifestyle Recommendations......Page 176
Pharmacologic treatment......Page 178
References......Page 181
Cholesterol profiles and cardiovascular risk in elderly patients......Page 185
Treatment of elderly patients who have dyslipidemia......Page 186
Heart protection study......Page 187
Long-term intervention with pravastatin in ischemic disease trial......Page 189
Air force/Texas coronary atherosclerosis prevention study......Page 190
Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease trial......Page 192
Pravastatin or atorvastatin evaluation and infection therapy-thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 22 trial......Page 193
The study assessing goals in the elderly trial......Page 195
Rosuvastatin......Page 196
Adverse Effects from Statins......Page 197
Fibrates: efficacy and safety......Page 198
Summary......Page 200
References......Page 201
Lipid Management in Patients Who Have HIV and Are Receiving HIV Therapy......Page 207
Drug interactions between antiretroviral agents and lipid-lowering therapy......Page 208
Data from interventional studies of lipid-lowering drugs......Page 211
Switching antiretroviral therapies......Page 216
Switching Antiretroviral Therapy Versus Lipid-Lowering Therapy......Page 217
References......Page 218
Lipid Management in Chronic Kidney Disease, Hemodialysis, and Transplantation......Page 223
Pathophysiology and prevalence of dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease, dialysis, and transplantation......Page 224
Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease, dialysis, and transplantation......Page 225
Current treatment guidelines......Page 226
Stage 2 through stage 4 chronic kidney disease......Page 227
Renal transplantation......Page 228
Bile Acid Sequestrants......Page 229
References......Page 230