Linguistic Categorization: Prototypes in Linguistic Theory

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 9
Preface to the First Edition......Page 10
Contents......Page 13
Typographical conventions......Page 17
1. The Categorization of Colour......Page 19
1.1 Why colour terms?......Page 20
1.2 Arbitrariness......Page 23
1.3 An alternative approach: focal colours......Page 26
1.4 Autonomous linguistics vs. cognitive linguistics......Page 34
2. The Classical Approach to Categorization......Page 39
2.1 Aristotle......Page 40
2.2 The classical approach in linguistics: phonology......Page 42
2.3 The classical approach in semantics......Page 47
3.1 Wittgenstein......Page 56
3.2 Prototypes: an alternative to the classical theory......Page 58
3.3 Basic level terms......Page 64
3.4 Why prototype categories?......Page 69
3.5 A note on fuzziness......Page 72
3.6 Some applications......Page 73
4.1 Prototypes......Page 77
4.2 Prototypes and schemas......Page 83
4.3 Folk categories and expert categories......Page 86
4.4 Hedges......Page 93
5. Linguistic and Encyclopaedic Knowledge......Page 99
5.1 Domains and schemas......Page 101
5.2 Frames and scripts......Page 105
5.3 Perspectivization......Page 108
5.4 Frames and scripts in language comprehension......Page 109
5.5 Fake......Page 110
5.6 Real......Page 113
6.1 Monosemous and polysemous categories......Page 117
6.2 An illustration: Climb......Page 123
6.3 Over......Page 127
6.4 Some problems......Page 134
7.1 Metonymy......Page 140
7.2 Metaphor......Page 148
8. Polysemous Categories in Morphology and Syntax......Page 160
8.1 The diminutive......Page 162
8.2 The past tense......Page 167
8.3 A note on yes-no questions......Page 172
9.1 The problem of intonational meaning......Page 176
9.2 The meanings of falling and rising tones......Page 178
9.3 High key......Page 186
10. Grammatical Categories......Page 191
10.1 Words, affixes, and clitics......Page 193
10.2 Grammatical categories......Page 201
10.3 The semantic basis of grammatical categories......Page 208
11. Syntactic Constructions as Prototype Categories......Page 215
11.1 Constructions......Page 216
11.2 The possessive genitive......Page 220
11.3 The transitive construction......Page 224
11.4 The transitive construction: more marginal members228......Page 0
11.5 Metaphorical extension of syntactic constructions......Page 233
11.6 A comparison with German......Page 236
11.7 Concluding remarks......Page 238
12. Prototype Categories in Phonology......Page 240
12.1 Phoneme categories......Page 241
12.2 The gradience of phoneme categories......Page 248
12.3 The syllable as a construction......Page 252
13. The Acquisition of Categories......Page 257
13.1 Hypothesized acquisition routes......Page 258
13.2 Grammatical categories......Page 261
13.3 Conceptual development......Page 265
13.4 Word meanings......Page 270
14. Recent Developments (1995)......Page 275
14.1 Overview of prototypicality......Page 276
14.2 Prototypes and basic level terms......Page 279
14.3 Polysemy and the two-level approach......Page 282
14.4 Two illustrations: in and round......Page 289
14.5 Polysemy and the network model......Page 299
14.6 The historical perspective......Page 308
14.7 Epilogue: on zebras and quaggas......Page 312
References......Page 315
Index......Page 329