Lighting for Driving: Roads, Vehicles, Signs, and Signals, Second Edition: Roads, Vehicles, Signs, and Signals

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Driving and Crashes
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Driving as a Visual Task
	1.3 The Role of Lighting in Driving
		1.3.1 Visual Size
		1.3.2 Luminance Contrast
		1.3.3 Colour Difference
		1.3.4 Retinal Image Quality
		1.3.5 Retinal Illuminance
	1.4 The Effectiveness of Lighting
	1.5 The Benefits of Light for Different Types of Crashes
	1.6 Summary
Chapter 2 Light
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Light and Radiation
	2.3 The Measurement of Light – Photometry
		2.3.1 Definitions
		2.3.2 Some Limitations
	2.4 The Measurement of Light – Colorimetry
		2.4.1 The CIE Colorimetry System
		2.4.2 Colour Order Systems
		2.4.3 Application Metrics
			2.4.3.1 Correlated Colour Temperature
			2.4.3.2 CIE Colour Rendering Index
			2.4.3.3 Scotopic/Photopic Ratio
	2.5 Light Sources
		2.5.1 Light-Emitting Diode
		2.5.2 The Electroluminescent Light Source
		2.5.3 The Laser
		2.5.4 The Incandescent Light Source
		2.5.5 The Tungsten Halogen Light Source
		2.5.6 The Fluorescent Light Source
		2.5.7 The Mercury Vapour Light Source
		2.5.8 The Metal Halide Light Source
		2.5.9 The Low-Pressure Sodium Light Source
		2.5.10 The High-Pressure Sodium Light Source
		2.5.11 Induction Light Sources
		2.5.12 Light Source Characteristics
	2.6 Luminaires
	2.7 The Control of Lighting
	2.8 Fluorescence and Retro-reflection
	2.9 Summary
Chapter 3 Sight Plus
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 The Structure of the Visual System
		3.2.1 The Eye
		3.2.2 The Retina
		3.2.3 The Central Visual Pathways
		3.2.4 The Visual Cortex
		3.2.5 Colour Vision
	3.3 Continuous Adjustments of the Visual System
		3.3.1 Eye Movements
		3.3.2 Accommodation
		3.3.3 Adaptation
		3.3.4 Photopic, Scotopic, and Mesopic Vision
	3.4 Capabilities of the Visual System
		3.4.1 Threshold Measures
			3.4.1.1 Colour Threshold Measures
		3.4.2 Factors Determining Visual Thresholds
		3.4.3 Spatial Thresholds
		3.4.4 Temporal Thresholds
		3.4.5 Colour Thresholds
	3.5 Perception of a Scene
	3.6 Visibility and Crashes
	3.7 Sight and Driving
	3.8 Indirect Effects of Light Exposure
	3.9 Summary
Chapter 4 Road Lighting
	4.1 Some History
	4.2 The Technology of Road Lighting
	4.3 Metrics of Road Lighting
	4.4 Road Lighting Standards
		4.4.1 Road Lighting Standards Used in the USA
		4.4.2 Road Lighting Standards Used in the UK
		4.4.3 Similarities and Differences
	4.5 Road Lighting in Practice
	4.6 Spectral Effects
	4.7 Beyond Visibility
	4.8 Summary
Chapter 5 Markings, Signs, and Traffic Signals
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Fixed Road Markings
	5.3 Fixed Signs
	5.4 Variable Road Markings
	5.5 Variable Message Signs
	5.6 Traffic Signals
	5.7 Summary
Chapter 6 Vehicle Forward Lighting
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The Technology of Vehicle Forward Lighting
		6.2.1 Light Sources
		6.2.2 Optical Control
		6.2.3 Headlamp Structure
	6.3 The Regulation of Vehicle Forward Lighting
		6.3.1 Forward Lighting in North America
		6.3.2 Forward Lighting Elsewhere
		6.3.3 Similarities and Differences
	6.4 Headlamps in Practice
	6.5 Headlamps and Light Sources
	6.6 Glare from Headlamps
		6.6.1 The Incidence of Glare
		6.6.2 Forms of Glare
		6.6.3 The Quantification of Glare
		6.6.4 Performance in the Presence of Glare
		6.6.5 Recovery from Glare
		6.6.6 Behaviour When Exposed to Glare
		6.6.7 LED, HID, and Halogen Headlamps
	6.7 Innovations
		6.7.1 Light Sources
		6.7.2 Light Spectrum
		6.7.3 Luminous Intensity Distributions
		6.7.4 Controls
	6.8 Summary
Chapter 7 Vehicle Signal Lighting
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 The Technology of Vehicle Signal Lighting
		7.2.1 Light Sources
		7.2.2 Optical Control
		7.2.3 Structure
	7.3 The Regulation of Vehicle Signal Lighting
	7.4 Front Position Lamps
	7.5 Rear Position Lamps
	7.6 Side Marker Lamps
	7.7 Retro-reflectors
	7.8 License Plate Lamps
	7.9 Turn Lamps
	7.10 Hazard Flashers
	7.11 Stop Lamps
	7.12 Rear Fog Lamps
	7.13 Reversing Lamps
	7.14 Daytime Running Lamps
	7.15 Developments
	7.16 Summary
Chapter 8 Vehicle Interior Lighting
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Purposes of Interior Lighting
	8.3 Types of Functional Interior Lighting
		8.3.1 Door Lock and Handle Lighting
		8.3.2 Door Threshold Lighting
		8.3.3 Puddle Lighting
		8.3.4 Foot Well Lighting
		8.3.5 Marker Lighting of Controls and Facilities
		8.3.6 Ambient Lighting
		8.3.7 Storage Lighting
		8.3.8 Vanity Mirror Lighting
		8.3.9 Reading Lighting
		8.3.10 Boot Lighting
		8.3.11 Engine Compartment Lighting
	8.4 Decoration and Customizing
	8.5 Interior Lighting Recommendations
	8.6 Perceptions
	8.7 Disturbance to the Driver
	8.8 Summary
Chapter 9 The Interaction between Road and Vehicle Forward Lighting
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Effects on Visibility
	9.3 Effects on Discomfort
	9.4 Adaptive Road Lighting
	9.5 Summary
Chapter 10 Different Vehicle Types
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Fatalities and Serious Injuries for Different Vehicle Types
	10.3 Motorcycles
	10.4 Bicycles
	10.5 Pedestrians
	10.6 Heavy Goods Vehicles
	10.7 Emergency Vehicles
	10.8 Slow and Frequently Stationary Vehicles
	10.9 Personal Mobility Vehicles
	10.10 Summary
Chapter 11 Special Locations
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Tunnels
	11.3 Pedestrian Crossings
	11.4 Railway Crossings
	11.5 Car Parks
	11.6 Rural Intersections
	11.7 Work Zones
	11.8 Traffic-Calming Measures
	11.9 Roads Near Docks and Airports
	11.10 Summary
Chapter 12 Adverse Weather
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Adverse Weather and Crashes
	12.3 Rain
	12.4 Snow
	12.5 Fog
	12.6 Smoke and Dust
	12.7 Low-Elevation Sun
	12.8 Summary
Chapter 13 Human Factors
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Age and Crashes
	13.3 Young Drivers
	13.4 Old Drivers
		13.4.1 Optical Changes in the Visual System with Age
		13.4.2 Neural Changes of the Visual System with Age
		13.4.3 Other Changes with Age
		13.4.4 Changes in Visual Capabilities
		13.4.5 Consequences for Driving
	13.5 Restrictions on Driving
		13.5.1 Starting Driving
		13.5.2 Stopping Driving
	13.6 Summary
Chapter 14 Constraints
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Assessing the Need for Road Lighting
	14.3 Costs of Road Lighting
	14.4 Energy Consumption
	14.5 Carbon Dioxide Emissions
	14.6 Waste Disposal
	14.7 Light Pollution
		14.7.1 Light Trespass
		14.7.2 Sky Glow
		14.7.3 Glare
	14.8 Summary
Chapter 15 Envisioning the Future
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Vehicle Forward Lighting
		15.2.1 Problems
		15.2.2 Solutions
	15.3 Vehicle Signal Lighting
		15.3.1 Problems
		15.3.2 Solutions
	15.4 Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems
	15.5 Road Lighting
		15.5.1 Problems
		15.5.2 Solutions
	15.6 Markings, Signs, and Traffic Signals
		15.6.1 Problems
		15.6.2 Solutions
	15.7 Why Change?
	15.8 The Future
	15.9 Summary
List of references
Translation
Index