Life: The Essentials of Human Development

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Guide to Diversity
Acknowledgments
Preface
Part 1 About Human Development
	chapter 1 The Study of Human Development
		Human Development: An Ever-Evolving Field
			Studying the Life Span
			Human Development Today
		The Study of Human Development: Basic Concepts
			Domains of Development
			Periods of the Life Span
		Influences on Development
			Heredity, Environment, and Maturation
			Contexts of Development
			Normative and Nonnormative Influences
			Critical or Sensitive Periods
		The Life-Span Developmental Approach
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Immigrant Families
		Research in Action Baby Talk: Cultural Differences in Infant-Directed Speech
	chapter 2 Theory and Research
		Basic Theoretical Issues
			Issue 1: Is Development Active or Reactive?
			Issue 2: Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous?
		Theoretical Perspectives
			Perspective 1: Psychoanalytic
			Perspective 2: Learning
			Perspective 3: Cognitive
			Perspective 4: Contextual
			Perspective 5: Evolutionary/Sociobiological
			Theories and the Research process
		Research Methods
			Quantitative and Qualitative Research
			Sampling
			Forms of Data Collection
			Basic Research Designs
			Developmental Research Designs
		Ethics of Research
			The Open Science Movement
			Research with Human Participants
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World The Purpose of Cross-Cultural Research
		Research in Action Pregnancy and Alcohol
Part 2 Beginnings
	chapter 3 Forming a New Life
		Conceiving New Life
			Fertilization
			Multiple Births
		Mechanisms of Heredity
			The Genetic Code
			What Determines Sex?
			Patterns of Genetic Transmission
			Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities
			Genetic Counseling and Testing
		Nature and Nurture
			Studying Heredity and Environment
			Interactions of Heredity and Environment
		Prenatal Development
			Stages of Prenatal Development
			Maternal Influences
			Paternal Influences
		Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal Development
			Disparities in Prenatal Care
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Epigenetics and Identical Twins
		Window on the World Prenatal Care Around the World
	chapter 4 Birth and Physical Development during the First Three Years
		Childbirth, Culture and Change
		The Birth Process
			Stages of Childbirth
			Electronic Fetal Monitoring
			Vaginal versus Cesarean Delivery
			Medicated versus Nonmedicated Delivery
			Childbirth and the COVID-19 Pandemic
		The Newborn Baby
			Size and Appearance
			Body Systems
			Medical and Behavioral Assessment
			States of Arousal
		Complications of Childbirth
			Low Birth Weight
			Postmaturity
			Stillbirth
		Survival and Health
			Reducing Infant Mortality
			Immunization for Better Health
		Early Physical Development
			Principles of Development
			Growth Patterns
			Nutrition
			The Brain and Reflex Behavior
			Early Sensory Capacities
		Motor Development
			Milestones of Motor Development
			Ethnic and Cultural Influences
			Motor Development and Perception
			The Ecological Theory of Perception
			Dynamic Systems Theory
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Malnutrition: The First Years
		Research in Action The Etiology of Autism
	chapter 5 Cognitive Development during the First Three Years
		Cognitive Development: Six Approaches
		Behaviorist Approach
			Classical and Operant Conditioning
			Infant Memory
		Psychometric Approach
			Testing Infants and Toddlers
			Assessing the Early Home Environment
			Early Intervention
		Piagetian Approach
			Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage
			Imitation
			Object Concept
			Evaluating Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
		Information-Processing Approach
			Habituation
			Tools of infant research
			Perceptual processes
			Information Processing as a Predictor of Intelligence
			Information Processing and Piagetian Abilities
			Evaluating Information-Processing Research
		Cognitive Neuroscience Approach
		Social-Contextual Approach
		Language Development
			Classic Theories of Language Acquisition
			Early Language Development
			Characteristics of Early Speech
			Variations in Language Development
			Influences on Early Language Development
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Research-Based Recommendations for Babies and Media Use
		Window on the World Children’s Books as Socialization Tools
	chapter 6 Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years
		Foundations of Psychosocial Development
			Emotions
			Temperament
			Early Social Experience: The Family
			Gender
		Developmental Issues in Infancy
			Developing Trust
			Developing Attachments
			Emotional Communication with Caregivers
			Social Referencing
		Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood
			The Emerging Sense of Self
			Development of Autonomy
			Socialization Processes
		Peer Influences
			Sibling Interactions
			Interactions with Nonsiblings
		Maternal Employment and Child Care
			Effects of Maternal Employment
			Early Child Care
		Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect
			Maltreatment in Infancy and Toddlerhood
			Ecological Perspective on Abuse
			Helping Families in Trouble
			Long-Term Effects of Maltreatment
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Postpartum Depression
		Window on the World The Terrible Twos?
Part 3 Early Childhood
	chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
		Physical Development
			Bodily Growth and Change
			Sleep Patterns and Problems
			Brain Development
			Motor Skills
		Health and Safety
			Obesity and Overweight
			Undernutrition
			Allergies
			Deaths and Accidental Injuries
			Environmental Influences on Health
		Cognitive Development: Piagetian Approach
			Advances of Preoperational Thought
			Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought
			Theory of Mind
			Media and Cognition
		Memory Development: Information-Processing Approach
			Basic Processes and Capacities
			Recognition and Recall
			Forming and Retaining Childhood Memories
		Intelligence: Psychometric and Vygotskian Approaches
			Traditional Psychometric Measures
			Influences on Measured Intelligence
			Testing and Teaching Based on Vygotsky’s Theory
		Language Development
			Vocabulary
			Grammar and Syntax
			Pragmatics and Social Speech
			Private Speech
			Delayed Language Development
			Preparation for Literacy
		Early Childhood Education
			Preschool
			Kindergarten
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Food Deserts, Food Swamps, and Obesity
		Window on the World Surviving the First 5 Years of Life
	chapter 8 Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood
		The Developing Self
			The Self-Concept
			Self-Esteem
			Regulating Emotions
			Understanding Emotions
			Erikson: Initiative versus Guilt
		Gender
			Gender Differences
			Perspectives on Gender Development
		Play
			Cognitive Levels of Play
			The Social Dimension of Play
			Gender Differences in Play
			Cultural Influences on Play
		Parenting
			Forms of Discipline
			Parenting Styles
			Other Behavioral Concerns
		Relationships with Other Children
			Sibling Relationships
			The Only Child
			Playmates and Friends
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action The Adaptive Value of Play
		Window on the World Cultural Variations in Age Segregation
Part 4 Middle Childhood
	chapter 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
		Physical Development
			Height and Weight
			Brain Development
		Health, Fitness, and Safety
			Sleep
			Tooth Decay and Dental Care
			Nutrition
			Physical Activity and FItness
			Obesity and Overweight
			Other Medical Conditions
			Accidental Injuries
		Cognitive Development: Piagetian Approach
			Cognitive Advances
			Cultural Influences on Piagetian Task Performance
		Information-Processing Approach
			Executive Functioning
			Selective Attention
			Working Memory
			Metamemory and Mnemonic Strategies
		Psychometric Approach
			The IQ Controversy
			Influences on IQ
			Specific Intelligence Factors
			Other Intelligence Tests
		Language and Literacy
			Vocabulary, Grammar, and Syntax
			Pragmatics
			Second-Language Learning
			Becoming Literate
		The Child in School
			Influences on School Achievement
		Educating Children with Special Needs
			Children with Learning Problems
			Gifted Children
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Barbies and Body Image
		Window on the World Culture and IQ
	chapter 10 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood
		The Developing Self
			Self-Concept Development
			Industry versus Inferiority
			Emotional Development
		Family Influences
			Family Atmosphere
			Family Structure
			Sibling Relationships
		Peer Influences
			Positive and Negative Peer Influences
			Gender and Peer Groups
			Popularity
			Friendship
			Aggression
		Mental Health
			Common Emotional Problems
			Treatment for Emotional Disturbances
			Resilience
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Bullying: A Worldwide Problem
		Research in Action Children’s Responses to Trauma
Part 5 Adolescence
	chapter 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
		Adolescence as a Social Construction
		Physical Development in Puberty
			Hormonal Changes in puberty
			Timing and Sequence of Puberty
		The Adolescent Brain
		Physical and Mental Health
			Physical Activity
			Sleep
			Nutrition, Weight, and Eating Disorders
			Substance Abuse
			Depression
			Death in Adolescence
		Aspects of Cognitive Maturation
			Formal Operations
			Language Development
			Moral Reasoning
			Prosocial Reasoning and Behavior
		Educational and Vocational Issues
			Influences on School Achievement
			Dropping Out of High School
			Other Vocational Issues
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Adolescent Overweight and Obesity
		Research in Action Teens and Media Multitasking
	chapter 12 Psychosocial Development in Adolescence
		The Search for Identity
			Psychosocial Theory
			Identity Status
			Racial and Ethnic influences on Identity Formation
			Identity Development in Sexual Minority Youth
		Sexuality
			Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
			Sexual Behavior
			Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
			Teenage Pregnancy and Childbearing
			Sexual Education
		Relationships
			Adolescents and Parents
			Sibling Relationships in Adolescence
			Peer Influences in Adolescence
		Antisocial Behavior and Juvenile Delinquency
			Biological influences
			Environmental Influences
			Preventing and Treating Delinquency
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Cultural Values and Identity Formation
		Research in Action Teen Dating and Technology
Part 6 Emerging and Young Adulthood
	chapter 13 Physical and Cognitive Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood
		Emerging Adulthood
		Physical Health and Fitness
			Health Status and Insurance Coverage
			Genetic Influences on Health
			Behavioral Influences on Health
			Indirect Influences on Health
			Mental Health Problems
		Sexual and Reproductive Issues
			Sexual Behavior and Attitudes
			Sexually Transmitted Infections
			Menstrual Disorders
			Infertility
		Perspectives on Adult Cognition
			Postformal Thought
			Reflective Thinking
			Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
			Emotional Intelligence
		Moral Reasoning
			Critiques of Kohlberg’s Approach
			Culture, Religion, and Moral Reasoning
		Education and Work
			College
			Work
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Internet Addiction
		Research in Action In Vitro Fertilization
	chapter 14 Psychosocial Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood
		Developmental Tasks of Emerging Adulthood
			Paths to Adulthood
			Identity Development
		Models of Personality Development
			Normative-Stage Models
			Timing-of-Events Model
			Trait Models
			Typological Models
		Relationships in Emerging Adulthood
			Relationships with Parents
			Friendship
			Love
		Marital and Nonmarital Lifestyles
			Single Life
			Gay and Lesbian Relationships
			Cohabitation
			Marriage
		Parenthood
			Cultural and Contextual Influences
			Relationship Dynamics
			Dual-Income Families
		When Marriage Ends
			Divorce
			Remarriage and Stepparenthood
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Popular Wedding Traditions Across Cultures
		Research in Action Intimate Partner Violence
Part 7 Middle Adulthood
	chapter 15 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood
		Middle Age: A Social Construct
		Physical Changes
			Sensory Functioning
			Physical Fitness
			The Brain at Midlife
			Structural and systemic Changes
			Sexuality and Reproductive Functioning
		Physical and Mental Health
			Physical Health at Midlife
			Behavioral Influences on Health
			Socioeconomic Status and Health
			Race/Ethnicity and Health
			Gender and Health
			Mental Health at Midlife
			Stress at Midlife
		Cognitive Performance
			The Seattle Longitudinal Study
			Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
		Adult Cognition
			Expertise
			Integrative Thought
			Creativity
		Work and Education
			Work versus Early Retirement
			Work and Cognitive Development
			The Mature Learner
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Cultural Differences in Menopause
		Research in Action Andropause and Testosterone Replacement
	chapter 16 Psychosocial Development in Middle Adulthood
		Change at Midlife
		Psychosocial Theory and Midlife
			Generativity versus Stagnation
		Issues and Themes
			The Social Clock
			The Midlife Crisis
		Change and Stability in Midlife
			Personality
			Emotional Development
			Identity Development
		Positive Mental Health at Midlife
		Relationships at Midlife
			Theories of Social Contact
			Relationships and Well-Being
		Consensual Relationships
			Marriage
			Cohabitation
			Divorce
			Gay and Lesbian Relationships
			Friendships
		Relationships with Maturing Children
			Adolescent Children
			The Empty Nest
			Adult Children
			Voluntary Childlessness
		Other Kinship Ties
			Relationships with Aging Parents
			Relationships with Siblings
			Grandparenthood
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Midlife Career Change
		Window on the World The Global Sandwich Generation
Part 8 Late Adulthood
	chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood
		Old Age Today
			The Graying of the Population
			Conceptualizations of Aging
		Physical Aging and Longevity
			Correlates of Life Expectancy
			Theories of Aging
			Extending the Life Span
		Physical Changes
			Organic and Systemic Changes
			The Aging Brain
			Sensory and Psychomotor Functioning
			Sleep
			Sexual Functioning
		Physical and Mental Health
			Health Status
			Chronic Conditions and Disabilities
			Lifestyle Influences on Health and Longevity
			Mental and Behavioral Problems
		Cognitive Changes
			Intelligence and Processing Abilities
			Memory
			Wisdom
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Elder Care Worldwide
		Research in Action The Oldest Old
	chapter 18 Psychosocial Development in Late Adulthood
		Personality Development in Late Adulthood
			Ego Integrity versus Despair
			Personality Traits in Old Age
		Well-Being in Late Adulthood
			Well-Being in Sexual Minorities
			The Effect of Religion and Ethnicity on Well-Being
			Coping and Mental Health
			Models of Successful Aging
		Practical and Social Issues Related to Aging
			Work and Retirement
			Aging and Financial Concerns
			Living Arrangements
		Personal Relationships in Late Life
			Theories of Social Contact and Social Support
			Relationships and Health
			The Multigenerational Family and Cultural Differences
		Marital Relationships
			Long-Term Marriage
			Gay and Lesbian Relationships
			Widowhood
			Divorce and Remarriage
		Nonmarital Lifestyles and Relationships
			Single Life
			Cohabitation
			Friendships
		Nonmarital Kinship Ties
			Relationships with Adult Children
			Relationships with Siblings
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Aging Stereotypes and Ageism
		Research in Action Elder Abuse
Part 9 The End of Life
	chapter 19 Dealing with Death and Bereavement
		The Meaning of Death and Dying
			The Cultural Context
			The Mortality Revolution
			Responses to Death across the Life Span
		Facing Death and Loss
			Factors Preceding Death
			Confronting Death
			Patterns of Grieving
		Significant Losses
			Surviving a Spouse
			Losing a Parent in Adulthood
			Losing a Child
			Mourning a Miscarriage
		Medical, Legal, and Ethical Issues
			Suicide
			Hastening Death
		Finding Meaning and Purpose in Life and Death
			Life Review
			Development: A Lifelong Process
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Cultural Variations in Funeral Customs
		Research in Action Physician-Assisted Suicide
Glossary
Bibliography
Name Index
Subject Index