Life in the Age of Insulin: A Brief History (Copernicus Books)

Note to the Reader
Prologue
A Brief History of Insulin
	Before the Dawn (1889–1921)
	From Discovery to the Doldrums (1922 to About 1960)
	Two Types of Diabetes (~1930–1980)
	The Hard Yards (1960–1990)
Insulin Wars
Where Next?
Acknowledgments
Contents
Part I: Before the Dawn
	1: Beginnings
		1.1	 The Wager
		1.2	 A Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside an Enigma
		1.3	 A Taste of Honey
		1.4	 The Ghastly Kitchen
		References
	2: Before the Dawn
		2.1	 Diabetes in the Nineteenth Century
		2.2	 Death on the Instalment Plan
		2.3	 The Allen Era
		References
	3: Firing Blanks in the Dark
		3.1	 Why Did It Take So Long?
		References
Part II: From Discovery to the Doldrums
	4: The Coming of Insulin
		4.1	 The Bicycle Rider
			4.1.1	 Ugly Fish
			4.1.2	 Afterlives
			4.1.3	 Minkowski’s Choice
		References
	5: Explorers of Unknown Seas
		5.1	 Diabetic Utopia
		5.2	 Charybdis
		References
	6: Living with Insulin
		6.1	 Danish Insulin
		6.2	 The Quest for Purity
		References
	7: Nemesis
		7.1	 In the Destructive Element Immerse
		7.2	 The Invisible Worm
		References
	8: When the Insulin Ran Out
		References
Part III: Two Types of Diabetes
	9: The Sensitive and the Insensitive
		9.1	 The Swan Song of Constitutional Medicine
		References
	10: The Discovery of Type 1 Diabetes
		10.1	 The Dancing Mouse
		10.2	 The Uses of Incest
		10.3	 Local Gardener Wins Nobel Prize
		10.4	 Biological Individuality
		10.5	 What Makes Us Unique?
		10.6	 We Have Found the Enemy, and He Is Us
		10.7	 The Walls Come Tumbling Down
		10.8	 The Heel of Achilles
		References
Part IV: The Shape of Things to Come
	11: The Endless Frontier
		11.1	 The War Against Disease
		11.2	 The Pigs and the Pork Barrel
		11.3	 An Anthropologist in the Laboratory
		References
	12: A Short Walk Through Time
		12.1	 The Wheel of Life
		12.2	 Fred Sanger’s Journey
		12.3	 The Shape of Insulin
		12.4	 The Sound of One Hand Clapping
		12.5	 Measuring Insulin
		12.6	 The Evolution of Insulin
		12.7	 Insulin Resistance
		References
	13: Out of the Doldrums
		13.1	 Disease or Risk Factor?
		References
	14: The Hard Yards
		References
	15: Insulin Wars
		15.1	 A Needle in a Genestack
		15.2	 Business as Usual
		15.3	 The Role of the Regulator
		15.4	 All the Insulin in the World
		15.5	 Globalisation
		References
Part V: Modern Times (~1990 On)
	16: The Silent Majority
		16.1	 What Is Diabetes?
		16.2	 Who Needs Insulin?
		References
	17: The Market in Insulin
		17.1	 ‘That’s Where the Money Is’
		17.2	 What Future for Biosimilar Insulin?
		17.3	 How the Other Half Dies
		References
	18: Possible Futures
		18.1	 The Human Factor
		18.2	 Access to Insulin
		18.3	 Preventing Diabetes
		18.4	 Replacing Insulin
		18.5	 Biological Alternatives
		18.6	 The Second Century of Insulin
		18.7	 Unfinished Business
		References