Lethal Force and New Zealand Police: The History, Law, Practice and Reality of Lethal Force Use by a Well-Armed and Capable National Police Service

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
Abbreviations
Part I: Law, Oversight and Context Regarding Lethal Force
	Chapter 1: “Armed Police, Drop Your Weapon!” Introduction
		Introduction
		Bibliography
	Chapter 2: The Law and Morality Regarding the Use of Lethal Force
		The Moral Dimension
		Bibliography
	Chapter 3: Oversight of New Zealand Police Use of Lethal Force
		Pre-1989
		Post-1989
		Independent Investigation and Growth
		Transformation
		The Present Day
		PCA and IPCA Reporting on Shootings by Police
		PCA/IPCA Decisions Regarding Shootings
		Satisfaction with the IPCA
		Bibliography
	Chapter 4: New Zealand Police and Firearms
		Bibliography
	Chapter 5: Policies, Procedures, Equipment, Training, Tactics and Specialist Groups
		Policies and Procedures
		Equipment
		Training
		Tactics
		Specialist Units
			Armed Offenders Squad (AOS)
			Special Tactics Group (STG)
		Bibliography
	Chapter 6: Use of Force: Reviews, Reports and Changes
		Staff Safety Project (1998)
		“Are the New Zealand Police on Target?”: An Investigation of Alternative Models of Police Response to Dangerous and Unlawful Firearms Incidents (2000)
		A Strategic Evaluation of the New Zealand Police Position Concerning the Use of Force When Responding to Potentially Violent Situations: A Review of Best Practice, Policy and Training (2001)
		Review of Access and Availability of Firearms for New Zealand Police (2010)
		Bibliography
Part II: Reality of Lethal Force Use − 2000−2019
	Chapter 7: Use of Lethal Force Against New Zealand Police and the Risks Faced
		Fatal and Non-fatal Shootings of Law Enforcement Officers
		Perception of Risk
		Bibliography
	Chapter 8: Use of Lethal Force by New Zealand Police
		Shootings: 2000–2019
		Who Was Shot and Who Shot Them?
		Why Were They Shot?
			Mental Illness
		What Were the Weapons Involved on Both Sides?
		What Distances Were Involved?
		Where and in What Circumstances Did the Shootings Occur?
		Were Any of the Shootings the Subject of Adverse Comment by the IPCA?
		Bibliography
	Chapter 9: Seven Case Studies
		Stephen Bellingham: Fatally Shot 2007
		Halatau Naitoko: Fatally Shot 2009
		Lachan Kelly-Tumarae: Fatally Shot 2011
		Adam Morehu: Fatally Shot 2013
		David Cerven: Fatally Shot 2015
		Jerrim Toms: Fatally Shot 2018
		Astin Hooper: Fatally Shot 2019
		Bibliography
Part III: Observations and Suggestions Regarding the Future
	Chapter 10: Observations Regarding the Use of Lethal Force
		The Gun Culture of the Society
		The Standards of Firearms Training
		The Extent of Militarisation
		Bibliography
	Chapter 11: Use of Lethal Force Law, Governance, Policy and Procedure
		Independent Police Conduct Authority
		Police Policy, Practice and Governance
		Use of Lethal Force Legal Matters
		Bibliography
	Chapter 12: Conclusion: Where to from Here?
		Bibliography
Index