Legal Data and Information in Practice: How Data and the Law Interact

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of illustrations
Acknowledgements
Introduction
1. Legal data overview
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Why look at data?
	1.3 Applications
		Business improvement
		Legal research
		Academic research
		Court processes
		Consumer focused applications
	1.4 Sources
		Courts and tribunals
		Legislative bodies
		Government departments
		Law firms and lawyers
		Academic research
		Legal technology companies
	1.5 Global context
		United States
		Canada
		United Kingdom
		European Union
		Africa
		India
		Singapore
		Australia
	1.6 Conclusion
2. Sources of data
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Sources
		Governments
		Parliamentary bodies
		Courts
		Business processes
		Legal publishers and data providers
	2.3 Developing data
		Experimental methodology
		Proxy data
	2.4 Strategy
	2.5 Conclusion
3. Data formats
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Categories
	3.3 Issues particular to law
		Case citations
		Depth of data
		Machine readable law
	3.4 Types
		Numerical
		Categorical
		Free text
	3.5 Delivery formats
		Spreadsheets
		Tagged formats
		Databases
		APIs
	3.6 Considerations
		Data standards
		Passively and actively collected data
		Supervised and unsupervised machine learning
		Law as code and law as data
	3.7 Planning
	3.8 Conclusion
4. Data analysis techniques
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Close reading
	4.3 Statistical analysis
		Normal distribution
		Random distribution
		Linear distribution
		Multiple points of comparison
		Techniques
		Compared to machine learning
	4.4 Machine learning
		Supervised learning
		Unsupervised learning
		Reinforcement learning
	4.5 Natural language processing
		Bag-of-words
		Vector analysis
	4.6 Other tools
		Knowledge bases
		Decision trees
		Network analysis
	4.7 Conclusion
5. Interpreting legal data
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Approaching data analysis
	5.3 Methodology
		Statistics
		Machine learning
		Natural language
	5.4 Considerations
		Correlation and causation
		Proxy data
		Sensitivity
		Suitability
		Complexity
		Extrapolation
	5.5 Concerns
		Overfitting
		Bias
	5.6 Conclusion
6. Issues with using legal data
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Availability
	6.3 What is missing
	6.4 Ambiguity
	6.5 Limitations on language processing
	6.6 Sampling
		Analytics and sample size
	6.7 Cost
	6.8 Jurisdiction
	6.9 Structure
		Case law
		Legislation
		Law firms’ data
	6.10 Risks
	6.11 Conclusion
7. Artificial intelligence
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Definition
	7.3 Promise and limits
	7.4 Types of artificial intelligence
		Statistical analysis
		Machine learning
		Vaporware
	7.5 Process
	7.6 Likely impacts
	7.7 Limitations
	7.8 Concerns
		Fairness
		Error and bias
		Ethics
	7.9 Thinking critically
	7.10 Conclusion
8. The law and politics of legal data
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 The nature of data based applications
	8.3 Access to data
	8.4 Privacy
	8.5 Jurisdiction
		Infrastructure
		Legacy systems
		Government controls
	8.6 Primary law
	8.7 Practice data
	8.8 The research landscape
	8.9 Working toward change
	8.10 Conclusion
9. Vision for the future
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Thinking about the future
	9.3 Forecasting
	9.4 Technology adoption dynamics
	9.5 Issues
		Data availability
		Regulation of technology
		Social concerns
	9.6 Divergence
		Jurisdiction
		Population segments
		Legal system
		Culture
	9.7 Predictions
		Near term
		Medium term
		Long term
	9.8 Conclusion
Bibliography
Index