Legal Constraints on EU Member States in Drafting Accession Agreements: The Case of Turkey

Contents
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1: General Introduction
	1.1 Starting Point
	1.2 Existence of ``Legal Constraints´´: Nature of the EU Legal Order
		1.2.1 Constitutional or Not?
		1.2.2 Evolution Towards Further Entrenchment of Rights
	1.3 Nature of ``Legal Constraints´´: Theoretical Definition
	1.4 Identifying ``Legal Constraints´´: Operational Definition
		1.4.1 Methodology
		1.4.2 The Permanent Safeguard Clause (PSC)
	1.5 Structure of the Book
		1.5.1 Part I: Legal Constraints Flowing from EEC-Turkey Association Law
		1.5.2 Part II: Legal Constraints Flowing from the Accession Process
		1.5.3 Part III: Legal Constraints Flowing from the Constitutional Foundations of the Union
	1.6 Summary
	References
Part I: Legal Constraints Flowing from EEC-Turkey Association Law
	Chapter 2: Association as a Stepping-Stone to Membership
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Defining `Association´
		2.3 Principles of Practice and Association as a Flexible and Evolving Tool
		2.4 Different Models of Association
			2.4.1 Associations Based on a Customs Union
			2.4.2 Associations Based on a Potential Customs Union
			2.4.3 Association Extending the Internal Market: The EEA
			2.4.4 Associations Based on a Free Trade Area
			2.4.5 Associations Based on a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area
		2.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: The Ankara Association Law
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Aims and Structure of the Agreement
		3.3 Ankara Association Law
			3.3.1 The Customs Union
			3.3.2 Free Movement of Persons
				3.3.2.1 In the Ankara Agreement
				3.3.2.2 In the Additional Protocol
				3.3.2.3 In the Association Council Decisions
					3.3.2.3.1 Decision 2/76
					3.3.2.3.2 Decision 1/80
					3.3.2.3.3 Decision 3/80
				3.3.2.4 Case Law of the Court of Justice
					3.3.2.4.1 Establishing the Court´s Jurisdiction
					3.3.2.4.2 Aims and Nature of the Standstill Clauses
						Case Law on Free Movement of Workers
							First Mention of the Standstill Clause
							Broadening the Scope of the Standstill Clause by Interpretation
							Further Broadening: Article 13 Covers Rules of Entry into a Member State
							Demir: Partial Tightening of the Scope of Article 13 by Allowing for Derogations
							Family Reunification Under Article 7 of Decision 2/76 and Article 13 of Decision 1/80
							Current State of Affairs
						Freedom of Establishment
							Tum and Dari: The Right to First Admission for the Self-Employed
							Dogan: The Right of the Self-Employed to be Accompanied by Their Family Members
							Current State of Affairs
						Freedom to Provide Services
							Soysal: Establishing Visa Requirement is `a New Restriction´ under Article 41(1) AP
							Demirkan: Emerging Limits of Association Law
							Implementation of Soysal and Current State of Affairs
		3.4 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Legal Constraints Flowing from the Accession Process
	Chapter 4: Procedural Constraints
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Past and Present Treaty Provisions Governing Enlargement
		4.3 Accession Procedure in Practice
			4.3.1 Precedent Set by the First Enlargement
			4.3.2 Evolution of the Enlargement Practice
				4.3.2.1 Role of the Commission
				4.3.2.2 Role of the Council
				4.3.2.3 Role of the European Parliament
			4.3.3 Practice Governing Enlargement Between 2004-2019
			4.3.4 Practice Governing Future Enlargements
		4.4 Definition and Consolidation of Negotiation Principles
			4.4.1 The First Enlargement as the Source of All Principles
			4.4.2 Enlargement to the South: Main Principles Maintained
			4.4.3 Enlargement to the North: Main Principles Confirmed
			4.4.4 Enlargement to the East: Negotiation Principles Entrenched
			4.4.5 Future Enlargements: Respect or Deviation from Entrenched Principles?
		4.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: Substantive Constraints
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 The Notion of ``Adjustments´´ to the Treaties
			5.2.1 Meaning and Scope of the Term ``Adjustment´´
			5.2.2 ``Adjustments to the Treaties´´ v. ``Adaptations to Acts Adopted by the Institutions´´
			5.2.3 ``Adjustments´´ in Previous Accession Treaties
			5.2.4 Other Measures Facilitating the Full Integration of New Member States
				5.2.4.1 Transitional Measures
				5.2.4.2 Quasi-Transitional Measures
					5.2.4.2.1 Economic and Monetary Union
					5.2.4.2.2 Schengen
				5.2.4.3 Safeguard Clauses
					5.2.4.3.1 ``New´´ Safeguard Clauses
						Internal Market Safeguard Clause
						Justice and Home Affairs Safeguard Clause
						Membership Postponement (Safeguard) Clause
						Pre-accession Closer Monitoring (Safeguard) Clause
					5.2.4.3.2 The Proposed PSCs in the Negotiating Framework for Turkey
		5.3 Changes to the Treaties Going Beyond Mere ``Adjustments´´
			5.3.1 Arrangement on Fishing Rights Under the 1972 Act of Accession
			5.3.2 Other Measures in Past Acts of Accession Going Beyond ``Adjustments´´
		5.4 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Legal Constraints Flowing from the Constitutional Foundations of the Union
	Chapter 6: Constitutional Foundations of the Union as a Constraint on Primary Law Making
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Existence of Constitutional Constraints: Judicial Acknowledgment of the ``Very Foundations´´ of the Union
			6.2.1 Opinions 1/91 and 1/92
			6.2.2 Opinion 1/09
			6.2.3 Kadi I
			6.2.4 Other Relevant Judgments and Opinions
			6.2.5 Implications
		6.3 Substance of Constitutional Constraints
			6.3.1 Fundamental Freedoms
				6.3.1.1 Fundamental Freedoms in the Treaties
				6.3.1.2 Development of Free Movement of Persons in Secondary Law
				6.3.1.3 Case Law on the Freedoms
				6.3.1.4 Academic Opinion
			6.3.2 Union Citizenship: The Fundamental Status
				6.3.2.1 Union Citizenship as Defined in the Treaties
				6.3.2.2 Citizens´ Directive
				6.3.2.3 Union Citizenship in the Case Law of the Court
					6.3.2.3.1 Union Citizenship Taking Shape: First `Ground Breaking´ Cases
					6.3.2.3.2 Further Developments: Beyond Discrimination, Beyond Material Scope, Beyond Internal Situations?
					6.3.2.3.3 Dano, Alimanovic and `Benefit Tourism´: Latest Case Law, a Step Back?
					6.3.2.3.4 Core of Union Citizenship
			6.3.3 Fundamental Rights
				6.3.3.1 Snapshot of Recent Case Law
				6.3.3.2 Inception and Rise of Fundamental Rights
				6.3.3.3 Constitutionalisation of Fundamental Rights by Inclusion in Primary Law
				6.3.3.4 Role of Fundamental Rights in the Constitutionalisation of the Legal Order
					6.3.3.4.1 As General Principles of Union Law
					6.3.3.4.2 As Part of the Charter of Fundamental Rights
		6.4 Application of Constitutional Constraints
			6.4.1 Are the ``Very Foundations´´ Impossible to Amend?
			6.4.2 Are the ``Very Foundations´´ Able to Constrain Member States as Primary Law Makers?
		6.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7: The Principle of Equality as Part of the Constitutional Foundations of the Union: A Case Study
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Internal Market Origin of the Principle of Non-Discrimination
			7.2.1 Its Place in the Treaties
			7.2.2 Its Development in the Case Law of the Court
		7.3 Embedding Equality Deeper into Union Law
			7.3.1 Equality as an Established General Principle of EU Law
			7.3.2 Equality as Part of Union Citizenship
			7.3.3 Expanding Scope of Equality in the Treaties
			7.3.4 Equality as Enshrined in the Charter
		7.4 Principle of Equality of Member States
		7.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8: General Conclusion