Legal competence in environmental health

Legal Competence In Environmental Health......Page 1
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 14
The Context Of Enforcement On Environmental Health Practice......Page 15
How To Use This Book......Page 16
1.1.1 Acts Of Parliament......Page 18
1.1.2.2 Committee Stage......Page 19
1.1.2.4 Third Reading......Page 20
1.2.1 Layout Of An Act......Page 21
1.2.1.2 Side Notes......Page 22
1.2.1.3 Definitions Section......Page 23
1.2.2 Citation Of Acts Of Parliament......Page 24
1.3 Delegated Legislation......Page 25
1.3.1.1 Statutory Instruments......Page 27
1.3.1.4 Rules Of The Supreme Court......Page 29
1.3.3 Citation Of Delegated Legislation......Page 30
1.4.1 Current Law Legislation Citator......Page 31
1.5.1 The Literal Rule......Page 32
1.5.2 The Golden Rule......Page 33
1.5.3 The Mischief Rule Or The Rule In Heydon’s Case......Page 34
1.5.5 Noscitur A Sociis......Page 36
1.5.6 The Exclusionary Rule......Page 37
1.5.8 Interpretation Acts......Page 38
1.6 Judicial Precedent......Page 39
1.6.2 Citation Of Law Reports......Page 40
1.7 The Layout Of A Law Report......Page 42
1.8.2 When A Subject Is Being Researched......Page 43
1.9.1.4 Family Division......Page 44
1.9.1.8 Civil Appeals......Page 45
1.9.2.1 The Magistrates Court......Page 46
1.9.3 The Court Of Justice Of The European Communities......Page 47
1.10 The Application Of Judicial Precedent......Page 49
1.10.1.2 Obiter Dicta......Page 50
1.10.3.1 The European Court......Page 51
1.10.3.3 The Court Of Appeal......Page 52
1.10.3.5 The Crown Court......Page 53
1.11.2.1 Regulations......Page 54
1.11.3 Finding European Legislation......Page 55
1.11.4 Interpretation Of European Legislation......Page 56
1.11.5.2 The Opinion Of The Advocate General......Page 57
1.11.6 The Citation Of Ecj Case Law......Page 58
1.12.1 Circulars And Codes Of Practice......Page 59
2.1.1 The Distinction Between Criminal And Civil Proceedings......Page 63
2.2 Proof......Page 64
2.2.1 The Criminal Burden Of Proof......Page 65
2.2.2 The Civil Standard Of Proof......Page 66
2.2.3.1 The Burden By Implication......Page 67
2.2.3.2 The Burden Expressly Applied......Page 69
2.3 Criminal Liability......Page 70
2.3.1 Actus Reus: The External Or Observable Elements......Page 71
2.3.2 Proof Of Actus Reus......Page 72
2.3.4 The Internal Elements: Mens Rea......Page 73
2.3.5 Intent......Page 74
2.3.6 Recklessness......Page 76
2.4 Offences Of Strict Liability......Page 78
2.5 Defences To Strict Liability Offences......Page 81
Notes......Page 83
3.1 Entry Onto Land......Page 84
3.2 Common Law And Statutory Entry......Page 86
3.2.1.1 Authorisation......Page 87
3.3 Features Of The Power Of Entry......Page 89
3.3.1 REASONABLE GROUNDS......Page 94
3.3.2 REASONABLE TIMES......Page 96
3.3.3 NOTICE OF ENTRY......Page 98
3.4.2 OBTAINING A WARRANT......Page 103
3.5.1 PHYSICAL ELEMENT......Page 109
3.5.2 MENTAL ELEMENT......Page 110
3.5.3 FORCE......Page 111
3.7.1 ANIMAL BOARDING ESTABLISHMENTS ACT 1963......Page 112
3.7.3 BREEDING OF DOGS ACT 1991......Page 113
3.7.4.1 Section 95 1......Page 114
3.7.5 CARAVAN SITES AND CONTROL OF DEVELOPMENT ACT 1960......Page 115
3.7.7 CONTROL OF POLLUTION ACT 1974......Page 116
3.7.9 ENVIRONMENT ACT 1995......Page 118
3.7.10 FOOD SAFETY ACT 1990......Page 119
3.7.11 HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ETC. ACT 1974......Page 120
3.7.12.1 Section 54......Page 121
3.7.12.3 Section 260......Page 122
3.7.12.5 Section 340......Page 123
3.7.12.6 Section 395......Page 124
3.7.13 LOCAL GOVERNMENT MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS ACT 1982......Page 125
3.7.14 NOISE AND STATUTORY NUISANCE ACT 1993......Page 126
3.7.16 PREVENTION OF DAMAGE BY PESTS ACT 1949......Page 127
3.7.17 THE PUBLIC HEALTH ACT 1936......Page 128
3.7.18 REFUSE DISPOSAL AMENITY ACT 1978......Page 129
3.7.21 SLAUGHTERHOUSES ACT 1974......Page 130
3.7.22 ZOO LICENSING ACT 1981......Page 131
4.1 Preparation......Page 132
4.2 Notebooks......Page 133
4.4 Details To Be Recorded......Page 136
4.4.1 Errors And Verification......Page 138
4.5 Inspection Sheets......Page 139
4.6 Records Kept By The Public......Page 142
4.7 Portable Tape Recorders......Page 143
4.8 The Criminal Procedure And Investigations Act......Page 145
4.9 Points To Prove......Page 147
Notes......Page 151
5.2 Application......Page 152
5.3 Codes Of Practice......Page 153
5.4 Code B......Page 154
5.4.1 Notice Of Powers And Rights......Page 156
5.4.2 Record Of Search......Page 159
5.5.1 Cautions......Page 160
5.5.2 The Newest Caution......Page 162
5.5.4 Interviews......Page 164
5.6 Principles Of Investigative Interviewing......Page 167
5.6.1 Interview Records......Page 168
5.6.2 Conduct Of Interviews......Page 169
5.6.3 Interpreters......Page 171
5.7.1 Tape Recording Of Interviews......Page 172
5.7.2 The Interview......Page 173
5.7.3 Sealing The Tape......Page 174
5.7.5 After The Interview......Page 176
5.7.7 Straightforward Cases......Page 177
Notes......Page 179
6.1 What Is A Statement?......Page 180
6.2 Witness Statements......Page 181
6.3 Format Of A Statement......Page 183
6.4.2 Editing Single Statements......Page 186
6.5 Exhibits......Page 190
6.7 Photographs......Page 192
6.7.1 The Prejudicial Background......Page 195
7.1 Enforcement Styles......Page 197
7.2 The Criminality Of The Environmental Health Offence......Page 200
7.2.1 CRIMES AND QUASI CRIMES......Page 201
7.3 Enforcement Policies......Page 203
7.4 Discretion......Page 205
7.5 Codes Of Guidance......Page 207
7.6.2 The Public Interest Criteria......Page 211
7.6.3.4 Staleness......Page 212
7.7 Assessment Of Formal Action......Page 213
7.8 The Cautioning Of Offenders......Page 214
7.9 The Decision To Caution......Page 220
7.11 Cautioning Officers......Page 222
7.13 Benefits Of Enforcement Policy......Page 227
Notes......Page 228
8.1 Regulatory Options......Page 229
8.2 Pre- Formal Enforcement Action Procedures......Page 230
8.3.1 Public Health Act 1936 And Building Act 1984......Page 233
8.3.2 Housing Act 1985......Page 234
8.3.3 Housing Grants, Construction And Regeneration Act 1996......Page 235
8.3.3.1 The Deferred Action Notice......Page 236
8.3.5 Food Safety Act 1990......Page 237
8.4 Service On Persons Other Than Individuals......Page 238
8.6 Identifying The Recipient......Page 241
8.7 Her Majesty’s Land Registry......Page 243
8.7.1.1 The Property Register......Page 245
8.8 Companies......Page 246
8.10 Format Of A Notice......Page 248
8.10.1 English......Page 249
8.10.2 Compliance With Relevant Statute......Page 250
8.11 The Appropriate Use Of All Investigative Options......Page 258
8.12 Conflicts On The Face Of The Notice......Page 259
8.13 Use Of Schedules......Page 261
8.14 Time Period......Page 262
8.15 Adequate Authority......Page 265
8.16 Service Of Notices......Page 267
8.17 Key Points In The Drafting Of Notices......Page 271
Notes......Page 272
9.1 File Preparation......Page 273
9.2.2 Laying Information......Page 275
9.3 Time Period For Proceedings......Page 276
9.4 Duplicity......Page 279
9.6 Complaint......Page 281
10.1 Conducting Proceedings......Page 289
10.2.1 Summary Offences......Page 290
10.3.1 Magistrates Courts......Page 291
10.3.2 Offences......Page 292
10.4 Before The Hearing......Page 293
10.5.1 Preliminaries......Page 294
10.5.3 THE PLEA?GUILTY......Page 295
10.6.2 Opening Remarks......Page 298
10.6.3 Examination In Chief......Page 299
10.6.4 Cross-examination......Page 300
10.6.5 Re-examination......Page 301
10.6.7 Defence......Page 302
10.7.1 Preparation......Page 303
10.7.3.1 Swearing......Page 304
10.7.3.2 Giving Evidence......Page 305
10.8.1 THE NEWTON HEARING......Page 307
10.9.2 Mitigation......Page 309
10.10 Trial On Indictment......Page 310
10.11.1 Imprisonment......Page 311
10.11.3 Discount For A Guilty Plea......Page 312
10.12 Costs......Page 313
10.13 Disqualification Of Directors......Page 315
10.14 Compensation Orders......Page 317
10.15 Tribunals......Page 319
10.16.1 Composition......Page 320
10.16.3 Appeals......Page 321
10.16.4 Procedure......Page 322
10.16.5 Procedure At The Hearing......Page 325
Notes......Page 326
Appendix A: Table of cases......Page 328
Appendix B: Table o Statutes......Page 333
Appendix C: Statutory Instruments......Page 336