Lectins: Innate immune defense and Therapeutics

Foreword by Dr. Devaraj & Dr. Niranjali Devaraj
Foreword by Prof. Sadasivam J. Kaushik
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Overview of Lectins
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 History
	1.3 Definition of Lectins
	1.4 Carbohydrate-Binding Specificity of Lectins
	1.5 Role of Lectins
	1.6 Toxic or Therapeutic?
	1.7 Applications of Lectins
		1.7.1 Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activity of Lectins
		1.7.2 Anti-insect Activity of Lectins
		1.7.3 Healing Applications of Lectins
		1.7.4 Lectins in Cancer Research
	1.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Biological Properties of Lectins
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Role of Lectin in Innate Immunity
	2.3 Occurrence of Lectin
	2.4 Cellular Location of Lectins
	2.5 Structure and Its Biological Properties
		2.5.1 C-type Lectin (CTL)
			2.5.1.1 MBL
		2.5.2 DC-SIGN (Dendritic Cell-Specific ICAM-3-Grabbing Non-integrin)
		2.5.3 Galectin
	2.6 Biosynthesis and Posttranslational Modifications
		2.6.1 MBL Synthesis and Processing
		2.6.2 Galectin Synthesis and Processing
	2.7 Lectin Gene and Its Transcript
		2.7.1 Mannose-Binding Lectin
		2.7.2 DC-Sign
		2.7.3 Galectin
	2.8 Regulation of Gene Expression
	2.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Classification of Lectins
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Classification of Lectins Based on Molecular Structure
		3.2.1 Simple Lectins
			3.2.1.1 Legume
			3.2.1.2 Amaranthin
			3.2.1.3 Cereal-Wheat Germ Agglutinin
			3.2.1.4 Moraceae-Jacalin
			3.2.1.5 Euphorbiaceae-Chitin-Binding Lectins
			3.2.1.6 Galectins
			3.2.1.7 Pentraxins
		3.2.2 Mosaic Lectin
			3.2.2.1 Viral Haemagglutinin
			3.2.2.2 C-Lectin
			3.2.2.3 P-Lectin
			3.2.2.4 I-Lectin
		3.2.3 Macromolecular Complex
	3.3 Classification of Lectins Based on Glycoconjugate Specificity
		3.3.1 Mannose-Specific Lectins
		3.3.2 Galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine Specific Lectins
		3.3.3 Fucose Specific Lectins
		3.3.4 Sialic Acid Specific Lectins
	3.4 Classification Based on Source (Plants, Animal, Microbes)
		3.4.1 Plant Lectins
		3.4.2 Animal Lectins
		3.4.3 Microbial Lectins
	3.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Molecular Basis of Lectin-Carbohydrate Interaction
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Types of Lectin and Its Interaction with Other Molecules
		4.2.1 Plant Lectins
			4.2.1.1 Legume Lectin
			4.2.1.2 Ricin Lectin
		4.2.2 Animal Lectin
			4.2.2.1 S-Lectins
			4.2.2.2 C-Lectin
		4.2.3 Bacterial Lectin
	4.3 Molecular Basis of Carbohydrate Interaction
		4.3.1 Mannose/Glucose-Binding Lectins
		4.3.2 N-Acetylglucosamine-Binding Lectins
		4.3.3 N-Acetylgalactosamine/Galactose-Binding Lectins
	4.4 Importance of Lectin-Carbohydrate Interaction
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Animal Lectin
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Basic Structure of Animal Lectin
		5.1.2 Classification of Animal Lectin
	5.2 Calnexin and Calreticulin
		5.2.1 Structure of Calnexin and Calreticulin
		5.2.2 Function of Calnexin and Calreticulin
	5.3 M Type Lectin
		5.3.1 Structure of M Type Lectins
		5.3.2 Classification and Functions of M Type Lectins
	5.4 L Type Lectins
		5.4.1 ERGIC-53, ERGL, VIP 36, VIPL
	5.5 P Type Lectin
		5.5.1 Cation-Dependent Mannose-6-Phosphate Receptor (CD-MPR)
		5.5.2 Cation-Independent Mannose-6-Phosphate Receptor (CI-MPR)
	5.6 C Type Lectin
		5.6.1 Structure of C Type Lectin
		5.6.2 Classification of C Type Lectins (CLRD/CTLD-Containing Proteins)
		5.6.3 Functions of C Type Lectin
	5.7 S Type Lectin (Galectins)
		5.7.1 Classification and Structure of Galectins
			5.7.1.1 Chicken Galectins
		5.7.2 Functions of Galectins
	5.8 I Type Lectin
		5.8.1 Classification and Functions of I Type Lectins
	5.9 R Type Lectins
		5.9.1 Structure of R Type Lectin
		5.9.2 The Mannose Receptor Family
	5.10 F Box Lectins
		5.10.1 Structure of F Box Lectins
		5.10.2 Classification and Function of F Box Lectins
	5.11 Ficolins
		5.11.1 Classification and Structure of Ficolins
		5.11.2 Functions of Ficolins
		5.11.3 Tachylectins
	5.12 Chi-Lectins
	5.13 F Type Lectin
		5.13.1 Structure of F Type Lectins
		5.13.2 Functions of F Type Lectins
		5.13.3 Anguilla anguilla Agglutinin
	5.14 Intelectins
		5.14.1 Classification of Intelectins
		5.14.2 Intelectins in Fish
	5.15 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Plant Lectins
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 History
	6.3 Classification
		6.3.1 Based on the Number of Carbohydrate Binding Sites
			6.3.1.1 Merolectins
			6.3.1.2 Hololectins
			6.3.1.3 Chimerolectins
			6.3.1.4 Superlectins
		6.3.2 Based on Structure and Evolution
			6.3.2.1 Amaranthin Family
			6.3.2.2 Chitin-Binding Lectin
			6.3.2.3 Cucurbitaceae Phloem Lectin
			6.3.2.4 Jacalin-Related Lectins
			6.3.2.5 Legume Lectins
			6.3.2.6 Monocot Mannose-Binding Lectin
			6.3.2.7 Type 2 Ribosome Inactivating Lectin (RIP)
		6.3.3 Based on Sugar Specificity or Binding Affinity to Carbohydrate Moiety
			6.3.3.1 Mannose-Binding Lectins
			6.3.3.2 Galactose/N-Acetyl Galactosamine Binding Lectins
			6.3.3.3 N-Acetyl Glucosamine Binding Lectins
			6.3.3.4 Fucose-Binding Lectins
	6.4 Production of Plant Lectins
		6.4.1 Recombinant Plant Lectins
	6.5 Purification of Plant Lectins or Haemagglutinins
	6.6 Functions of Plant Lectins
	6.7 Lectin Applications
		6.7.1 Pathogen Controlling Strategies
			6.7.1.1 Insecticidal
			6.7.1.2 Fungicidal
			6.7.1.3 Antiviral
			6.7.1.4 Anti-Microbial Activity
			6.7.1.5 Anti-Parasitic Activity
			6.7.1.6 Antibacterial Activity
		6.7.2 Medicinal Purposes
			6.7.2.1 Cancer Treatment
				Antitumour Drugs
				Through Apoptosis
				Lectin Based Delivery System
			6.7.2.2 Clinical Diagnosis
			6.7.2.3 Detection Using ELLA
			6.7.2.4 Recognition of Different Groups of Blood
			6.7.2.5 Biosensors
			6.7.2.6 Possible Treatment of Diabetes
		6.7.3 Other Applications
			6.7.3.1 Chromatographic Type
			6.7.3.2 Lectin Microarray
			6.7.3.3 Detection of Glycoconjugates in Solution
			6.7.3.4 Detection of Glycoconjugates on Cells and Organelles
			6.7.3.5 Mapping Neurological Pathways
			6.7.3.6 Typing in Bacteria
			6.7.3.7 Agricultural Purposes
			6.7.3.8 Lectin Blotting
			6.7.3.9 Flow Cytometry
	6.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Microbial Lectins
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Microbial Lectins
		7.2.1 Bacterial Lectins
		7.2.2 Fungal Lectins
		7.2.3 Viral Lectins
		7.2.4 Protozoal Lectins
	7.3 Roles of Microbial Lectins
		7.3.1 Biofilm Formation
		7.3.2 Antimicrobial Activity
		7.3.3 Antitumor Activity
		7.3.4 Mitogenic Activity
		7.3.5 Bioflocculation
		7.3.6 Bioremediation
	7.4 Future Perspectives and Applications
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Regulation of Immune Responses by Lectins
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Type of Lectins
	8.3 Immune Functions
		8.3.1 Lectin Mediated Immunity in Plants
		8.3.2 Lectin Mediated Immunity in Animals
		8.3.3 Lectin Mediated Immunity in Fish
		8.3.4 Lectin Mediated Immunity in Shellfish
	8.4 Regulation in Plants
	8.5 Regulation in Animals
	8.6 Prospects of Lectins in Fish Health Management
	8.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Lectin-Carbohydrate Interactions in Pathogenesis
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Pathogen-Lectin and Host-Glycan Interaction in Pathogenesis
		9.2.1 Viral Lectins Versus Host Glycans
		9.2.2 Bacterial Lectins Versus Host Glycans
		9.2.3 Fungal Lectins Versus Host Glycans
	9.3 Host-Lectin and Pathogen-Glycans Interactions in Pathogenesis
		9.3.1 Membrane Associated Lectins
		9.3.2 Soluble Lectins
	9.4 Reverse Lectin Approach Against Pathogen Glycans
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Lectins in Health and Diseases: Mannan-Binding Lectin and Infectious Diseases
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 MBL-Mediated Immune Response
	10.3 MBL Structure
	10.4 MBL Polymorphic Variants
	10.5 MBL in Bacterial Infections
	10.6 MBL in Parasitic Infections
	10.7 MBL in Viral Infections
		10.7.1 MBL in SARS-CoV-2 Infection
	10.8 MBL in Fungal Infections
	10.9 Pathogens´ Survival Strategies
	10.10 Perspectives
	10.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Lectins in Health and Diseases: Galectins and Cancer
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 What Are Galectins?
	11.3 Structure, Function and Binding Activity of Galectins
	11.4 Subcellular Localization and Unconventional Secretion of Galectins
	11.5 Cancer and Its Hallmarks
	11.6 The Tumour Microenvironment (TME)
		11.6.1 Galectin-1 Within the TME
		11.6.2 Galectin-3 Within the TME
	11.7 Role of Different Galectins in Cancer
		11.7.1 Galectin-1 and Cancer
			11.7.1.1 Galectin-1 Structure and Its Binding Activity
			11.7.1.2 Intracellular and Extracellular Activities of Galectin-1
			11.7.1.3 Galectin-1 in Cellular Transformation
			11.7.1.4 Galectin-1 in Mediating Angiogenesis, Cancer Cell Adhesion, and Metastasis
			11.7.1.5 Immune Regulation of TME via Galectin-1
		11.7.2 Galectin-3 in Cancer
			11.7.2.1 Galectin-3 Structure and Binding Activities
			11.7.2.2 Intracellular and Extracellular Activities
			11.7.2.3 Galectin-3 in Cellular Transformation
			11.7.2.4 Galectin-3 Mediating Angiogenesis, Cancer Cell Adhesion, and Metastasis
			11.7.2.5 Immune Regulation of TME via Galectin-3
				Effect on Lymphocytes
				Effect on Macrophages
		11.7.3 Galectin-9 in Cancer
			11.7.3.1 Galectin-9 Structure and Binding Activities
			11.7.3.2 Galectin-9 in Tumour Regulation
			11.7.3.3 Immune Regulation via Galectin-9
		11.7.4 Other Galectins in Cancer
			11.7.4.1 Galectin-4 in Cancer
		11.7.5 Galectin-7 in Cancer
		11.7.6 Galectin-8 in Cancer
	11.8 Galectin-Targeted Therapeutic Strategies in Cancer
		11.8.1 Carbohydrate-Based Small-Molecule Inhibitors
		11.8.2 Natural Polysaccharide-Based Inhibitors
		11.8.3 Peptide-Based Inhibitors of Galectins
		11.8.4 Neutralizing Antibodies in Galectin Inhibition
		11.8.5 SiRNA-Mediated Inhibition of Galectins
	11.9 Conclusion and Future Perspective: Galectins in Cancer and the Development of Therapeutics
	References
Chapter 12: Lectins in Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Agents
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Lectins in Diagnostic Tools
	12.3 Lectins as Therapeutic Agents
	12.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Modern Approach in Lectin-Based Nanomedicine
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 Types of Glyconanoparticles
	13.2 Gold Glyconanoparticles
	13.3 Glyco-Quantum Dots
	13.4 Magnetic Glyconanoparticle
	13.5 Applications of Glyconanoparticles in Nanomedicine
		13.5.1 As Lectin-Based Drug Delivery
		13.5.2 As Detection and Imaging Tools
	13.6 Conclusion
	References