Learn R: As a Language

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
1. Using the Book to Learn R
	1.1. Aims of This Chapter
	1.2. Approach and Structure
	1.3. Typographic and Naming Conventions
		1.3.1. Call-outs
		1.3.2. Code conventions and syntax highlighting
		1.3.3. Diagrams
	1.4. Finding Answers to Problems
		1.4.1. What are the options?
		1.4.2. R’s built-in help
		1.4.3. Online forums
	1.5. Further Reading
2. R: The Language and the Program
	2.1. Aims of This Chapter
	2.2. What is R?
		2.2.1. R as a language
		2.2.2. R as a computer program
	2.3. Using R
		2.3.1. Editors and IDEs
		2.3.2. R sessions and workspaces
		2.3.3. Using R interactively
		2.3.4. Using R in a “batch job”
	2.4. Reproducible Data Analysis with R
	2.5. Getting Ready to Use R
	2.6. Further Reading
3. Base R: “Words” and “Sentences”
	3.1. Aims of This Chapter
	3.2. Natural and Computer Languages
	3.3. Numeric Values and Arithmetic
	3.4. Character Values
	3.5. Logical Values and Boolean Algebra
	3.6. Comparison Operators and Operations
	3.7. Sets and Set Operations
	3.8. The Mode and Class of Objects
	3.9. Type Conversions
	3.10. Vector Manipulation
	3.11. Matrices and Multidimensional Arrays
	3.12. Factors
	3.13. Further Reading
4. Base R: “Collective Nouns”
	4.1. Aims of This Chapter
	4.2. Data from Surveys and Experiments
	4.3. Lists
		4.3.1. Member extraction, deletion and insertion
		4.3.2. Nested lists
	4.4. Data Frames
		4.4.1. Sub-setting data frames
		4.4.2. Summarising and splitting data frames
		4.4.3. Re-arranging columns and rows
		4.4.4. Re-encoding or adding variables
		4.4.5. Operating within data frames
	4.5. Reshaping and Editing Data Frames
	4.6. Attributes of R Objects
	4.7. Saving and Loading Data
		4.7.1. Data sets in R and packages
		4.7.2. .rda files
		4.7.3. .rds files
		4.7.4. dput()
	4.8. Plotting
		4.8.1. Plotting data
		4.8.2. Graphical output
	4.9. Further Reading
5. Base R: “Paragraphs” and “Essays”
	5.1. Aims of This Chapter
	5.2. Writing Scripts
		5.2.1. What is a script?
		5.2.2. How do we use a script?
		5.2.3. How to write a script
		5.2.4. The need to be understandable to people
		5.2.5. Debugging scripts
	5.3. Compound Statements
	5.4. Function Calls
	5.5. Data Pipes
	5.6. Conditional Evaluation
		5.6.1. Non-vectorised if, else and switch
		5.6.2. Vectorised ifelse()
	5.7. Iteration
		5.7.1. for loops
		5.7.2. while loops
		5.7.3. repeat loops
		5.7.4. Nesting of loops
	5.8. Apply Functions
		5.8.1. Applying functions to vectors, lists and data frames
		5.8.2. Applying functions to matrices and arrays
	5.9. Functions that Replace Loops
	5.10. The Multiple Faces of Loops
	5.11. Iteration When Performance Is Important
	5.12. Object Names as Character Strings
	5.13. Clean-Up
	5.14. Further Reading
6. Base R: Adding New “Words”
	6.1. Aims of This Chapter
	6.2. Defining Functions and Operators
		6.2.1. Scope of names
		6.2.2. Ordinary functions
		6.2.3. Operators
	6.3. Objects, Classes and Methods
	6.4. Packages
		6.4.1. Sharing of R-language extensions
		6.4.2. Download, installation and use
		6.4.3. Finding suitable packages
		6.4.4. How packages work
	6.5. Further Reading
7. Base R: “Verbs” and “Nouns” for Statistics
	7.1. Aims of This Chapter
	7.2. Statistical Summaries
	7.3. Standard Probability Distributions
		7.3.1. Density from parameters
		7.3.2. Probabilities from parameters and quantiles
		7.3.3. Quantiles from parameters and probabilities
		7.3.4. “Random” draws from a distribution
	7.4. Observed Probability Distributions
	7.5. “Random” Sampling
	7.6. Correlation
		7.6.1. Pearson’s