Law in Times of Crisis: Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Acknowledgments......Page 15
European Commission Human Rights......Page 17
European Court of Human Rights......Page 18
Germany......Page 19
United States......Page 20
Table of treaties......Page 23
Constitutions......Page 26
France......Page 27
United Kingdom......Page 28
Zimbabwe......Page 29
Inter-American Court of Human Rights......Page 30
United States......Page 31
Introduction......Page 33
Part I......Page 47
The Roman dictatorship......Page 49
The French ‘‘state of siege’’: origins......Page 58
Martial law in the United Kingdom: origins......Page 62
Emergency provisions in constitutional documents......Page 67
Constitutional necessity......Page 78
The authority to declare an emergency......Page 86
Legal results of a declaration of a state of emergency......Page 90
Checks and balances......Page 94
Modifying ordinary laws......Page 98
Special emergency legislation......Page 99
Interpretive accommodation......Page 104
‘‘Each crisis brings its word and deed’’......Page 111
2 Law for all seasons......Page 118
Ex parte Milligan......Page 121
Holding the line......Page 126
A strategy of resistance......Page 130
Myths, symbolism, and ideals......Page 133
Slippery slopes......Page 135
Perceptions and misperceptions......Page 137
3 Models of extra-legality......Page 142
Emergency jurisdiction and temporary measures in Jewish law......Page 145
Locke’s theory of the prerogative power......Page 151
‘‘Casting behind metaphysical subtleties’’......Page 155
Dicey’s ‘‘spirit of legality’’......Page 162
Searching for ‘‘moral politicians’’......Page 164
Official disobedience......Page 166
Ex post ratification......Page 169
No security without law......Page 174
The case for rule departures......Page 178
Prospective and uncertain relief......Page 179
Courts and legislatures......Page 185
Giving reasons......Page 187
Ratifying egregious actions?......Page 188
Precedents......Page 191
Carl Schmitt’s theory of the exception......Page 194
Decisionism and the Extra-Legal Measures model......Page 201
4 Five degrees of separation......Page 203
Normalcy and emergency: rule and exception......Page 204
Sequencing and temporal distinctions: separating the best and the worst of times......Page 206
Colonies and empire: the origins of DORA......Page 213
The curtailment of the right to silence in the United Kingdom......Page 215
Interrogation in depth in Finchley?......Page 220
From l’Algérie française to la France algérienne......Page 222
The war on terror: Guantanamo and beyond......Page 234
It’s a bad world out there (II): domestic and foreign affairs......Page 237
The distinct sphere of ‘‘national security’’......Page 246
Communal divisions: us vs. them......Page 252
The normalization of the exception......Page 260
Part II......Page 277
5 International human rights and emergencies......Page 279
Definitions of emergency......Page 281
Application of the models: Business as Usual......Page 284
Application of the models: accommodation......Page 287
International accommodation: constitutional and legislative......Page 288
Models of accommodation: interpretive accommodation......Page 295
The European human rights jurisprudence......Page 300
Judicial accommodation at the Inter-American Court......Page 321
Accommodation at the United Nations: the Human Rights Committee......Page 329
The gap between the theory and practice of emergency powers......Page 336
The Questiaux Report......Page 338
Paris Minimum Standards......Page 342
The Siracusa Principles: an attempt at concrete rules to limit abuse of emergencies......Page 345
Weakness of the ‘‘aberration” hypothesis......Page 347
Artificiality of formal emergencies......Page 350
The hidden emergency......Page 352
Concluding assessment......Page 354
6 Emergencies and humanitarian law......Page 358
Self-preservation, necessity, and self-defense in international law......Page 360
Internal armed conflicts and emergencies......Page 371
High-intensity emergencies......Page 373
Oversight of high-intensity emergencies......Page 377
Protocol I......Page 382
Protocol II......Page 383
Common Article 3......Page 387
Overlapping regimes: high meets low......Page 391
Conclusion......Page 395
7 Terrorism, emergencies, and international responses to contemporary threats......Page 397
Defining terrorism......Page 398
Models of emergency powers as applied to terrorism......Page 403
The ‘‘terrorism and law” interface......Page 416
The regulation of terrorism by international humanitarian law......Page 417
Suppression conventions......Page 426
The UN response to September 11......Page 432
Implementing Resolution 1373......Page 434
Human rights and other lacunae in operating Resolution 1373......Page 437
Contextualizing the UN response......Page 439
The European Framework Decision on Terrorism......Page 441
Definitional issues arising from the Framework Decision......Page 446
State responses to Resolution 1373 and the European Framework Decision......Page 449
Conclusion......Page 452
Bibliography......Page 454
Index......Page 501