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دسته بندی: جغرافیا ویرایش: Sixth نویسندگان: David L. Clawson, Benjamin F. Tillman سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9780190497842, 9780190497828 ناشر: سال نشر: تعداد صفحات: 482 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 800 مگابایت
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Latin America and the Caribbean به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب آمریکای لاتین و دریای کارائیب نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
آمریکای لاتین و دریای کارائیب متن پیشرو در بازار برای دوره های تحصیلی در جغرافیای مکزیک، آمریکای مرکزی و جنوبی و کارائیب است. کتاب دکتر کلاوسون به دلیل ارز، وضوح، اقتدار و برنامه غنی بصری و نقشه برداری آن بسیار مورد احترام است. سازماندهی موضوعی متن مشترکات را در یک منطقه بسیار متنوع و به سرعت در حال تغییر برجسته می کند و آن را برای دانش آموزان و مربیان قابل درک تر می کند.
Latin America and the Caribbean is the market-leading text for courses in the geography of Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. Dr. Clawson's book is widely respected for its currency, clarity, authority, and rich visual and mapping program. The thematic organization of thetext highlights the commonalities in a highly diverse, rapidly changing region, making it more comprehsible for students and instructors.
Lists of Maps xi Lists of Tables xiii Preface xv CHAPTER 1 The Changing Face of Latin America and the Caribbean 1 GEOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL STUDIES 7 DELIMITING LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN7 LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN SUBREGIONS 9 Key Terms 13 Suggested Readings 13 Electronic Sources 14 PARTI Physical Geography CHAPTER 2 15 Landform Regions of Latin America andthe Caribbean 16 THE EASTERN HIGHLANDS 16 THE CENTRAL LOWLANDS 22 THE WESTERN ALPINE SYSTEM 25 Recent Earthquake and Volcanic Activity 26 Case Study 2.1: The 2010 Haitian and Chilean Earthquakes 28 Physiographic Regions of the Andes 31 Physiographic Regions of Central America 37 Physiographic Regions of Mexico and the Caribbean 39 Summary 48 Key Terms 48 Suggested Readings 48 Electronic Sources 50 CHAPTER 3 Weather and Climate 51 CONTROLS OF CLIMATE51 Temperature 51 Altitude 51 97 CONTENTS Ocean Currents 56 Latitude 57 Precipitation 59 Continentality 59 Atmospheric Pressure Belts 60 Prevailing Winds and Orographic Effects 62 HURRICANES67 Case Study 3.1: The 2008 Caribbean Hurricane Season 71 Summary 73 Key Terms 74 Suggested Readings 74 Electronic Sources 75 CHAPTER 4 Natural Regions 76 TROPICAL RAIN FOREST 76 Case Study 4.1: Biodiversity and the Tropical Rain Forest 81 TROPICAL AND TEMPERATE SAVANNA 82 DESERT 84 STEPPE 87 HUMID SUBTROPICAL 88 MEDITERRANEAN89 MARINE WEST COAST RAIN FOREST 89 HIGHLAND 91 Summary 93 Key Terms 93 Suggested Readings 94 Electronic Sources 96 PART II Cultural Patterns CHAPTER 5 Iberian Heritage, Conquest, and Institutions 98 LATIN AMERICAS ROMAN HERITAGE 98 ISLAM IN IBERIA99 SPANISH RESPONSES TO ISLAMIC RULE 101 THE SPANISH RECONQUEST 102 vi THE CONQUEST AND SETTLEMENT OF LATIN AMERICA102 Mexico and Central America 105 South America 107 THE COLONIAL ERA 109 The Mercantile System 111 The Encomienda System 113 Decline of Spanish Influence in the Greater Caribbean Basin 114 Peninsular-Creole Divisions 115 INDEPENDENCE AND THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD115 ConservativeLiberal Schisms 117 Caudillismo 118 Case Study 5.1: The 2009 Honduran Coup dEtat 119 POLITICAL MATURATION IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY120 Summary 122 Key Terms 122 Suggested Readings 122 Electronic Sources 124 CHAPTER 6 Political Change 125 MEXICO 125 CENTRAL AMERICA127 Guatemala 127 Belize 128 Honduras 129 El Salvador 129 Nicaragua 129 Costa Rica 130 Panama 131 THE GREATER ANTILLES 132 Cuba 132 Jamaica 134 Haiti 134 Dominican Republic 135 Puerto Rico 135 ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA 136 Venezuela 137 Colombia 138 Ecuador 139 Case Study 6.1: Colombias Violent Drug War 139 Peru 142 Bolivia 143 SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA 145 Chile 145 Paraguay 146 Argentina 147 Uruguay 148 Brazil 149 THE GUIANAS151 Guyana 151 Suriname 152 French Guiana 152 Summary 153 Key Terms 153 Suggested Readings 153 Electronic Sources 155 CHAPTER 7 Race, Ethnicity, and Social Class 156 NATIVE POPULATION LEVELS AT THE TIME OF THE CONQUEST156 NATIVE AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS ON THE EVE OF THE CONQUEST 157 Western Highland Peoples 159 The Aztecs 159 The Maya 161 The Chibcha 163 The Inca 164 Case Study 7.1: Native Animals of the Andes 166 The Southern Andean Indians 166 Eastern Lowland Peoples 167 The Southern Hunters 168 The Tropical Forest Dwellers 168 Common Indian Traits 169 Impacts of European Conquest and Settlement 169 Causes of Indian Depopulation 170 Aftermath of the Conquest 172 BLACKS IN THE NEW WORLD173 Antecedents of Latin American Black Slavery 173 The African Slave Trade 173 Living Conditions in the New World 173 Forms of Slave Resistance 174 Abolition 175 Case Study 7.2: Maroon Societies in Latin America 176 EAST ASIANS IN THE CARIBBEAN176 RACIAL MIXING177 The Evolution of Social Races 178 RACIAL WHITENING 180 RACISM AND ITS RAMIFICATIONS182 Case Study 7.3: Indian Homelands and the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor 184 CURRENT RACIAL PATTERNS 185 Mexico and Central America 185 South America 185 The Caribbean 187 Summary 188 Key Terms 188 Suggested Readings 188 CHAPTER 8 Latin America as a Culture Region 193 HONOR AND SHAME: INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY AND SELF-WORTH193 Machismo 193 Marianismo 194 Reproduction and Honor 194 PERSONALISMO 195 SOCIOECONOMIC CLASSES 197 The Upper Class 197 Case Study 8.1: The Hidden Costs of Corruption 198 CONTENTSvii viiiCONTENTS The Middle Class 201 Case Study 8.2: The Perpetuation of Oligarchical Power in a Central American Nation 202 The Lower Class 202 Consequences of Social Rigidity 204 Fatalism and Luck 204 Dual Educational Systems 204 FAMILY LIFE205 Street Children 208 Possible Responses 210 Status of Women 210 Case Study 8.3: Women and the Informal Economic Sector 211 OTHER ELEMENTS OF CULTURE 216 Literature and Poetry 216 Architecture, Painting, and Sculpture 217 Music 219 Sports 220 Mass Media and Tempo of Living 221 Summary 221 Key Terms 222 Suggested Readings 222 Electronic Sources 224 CHAPTER 9 Religion 225 RELIGIOUS PRACTICE IN INDIGENOUS AMERICA225 MEDIEVAL IBERIAN CATHOLICISM ON THE EVE OF THE CONQUEST226 THE SPIRITUAL CONQUEST OF THE NEW WORLD227 RELIGIOUS SYNCRETISM229 Marianism and the Cult of the Virgin Mother 230 Challenges to Colonial Catholicism 232 Case Study 9.1: Cuzcos Lord of The Earthquakes 233 THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL POWER OF THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIAL AND REPUBLICAN PERIODS 234 THE CURRENT STATUS OF LATIN AMERICAN CATHOLICISM 235 Subtypes of Latin American Catholicism 236 Forms of African Folk Catholicism 240 NON-CATHOLIC FAITHS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 241 Hinduism and Islam 242 Case Study 9.2: Jamaican Rastafarianism 243 Judaism 244 Case Study 9.3: Venta Prieta: A Jewish Community in Mexico 245 Protestantism 245 Characteristics of and Challenges to Latin American Protestantism 246 The Catholic Counter-Reformation 249 Summary 253 Key Terms 253 Suggested Readings 253 Electronic Sources 257 PART III EconomicPatterns259 CHAPTER 10 Agriculture and Agrarian Development 260 Case Study 10.1: Waru Waru Agriculture 261 IMPACT OF THE EUROPEAN CONQUEST262 ENCLAVE ECONOMIES 263 Haciendas 263 Estancias 264 Plantations 264 Sugar Cane in the Caribbean 265 Coffee in Colombia, Central America, and Brazil 267 Bananas in Central America and Ecuador 268 The Plantation Controversy 269 SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE 271 Common Attributes of Smallholder Agriculturists 271 Slash and Burn Agriculture 274 Peasant Agriculture 276 AGRARIAN REFORM 277 New Land Colonization 279 AGRICULTURAL MODERNIZATION 280 EXPANSION OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE 282 Plant Crop Production 283 Animal Husbandry 284 Tree Farming 286 Fishing 287 Case Study 10.2: Harvest Strip Forestry 288 Narcotic Drug Production 289 Summary 291 Key Terms 291 Suggested Readings 292 Electronic Sources 296 CHAPTER 11 Mining, Manufacturing, and Tourism 297 PRE-CONQUEST MINING AND MANUFACTURING297 MINING AND MANUFACTURING IN COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA 297 Silver Mining 298 Impact of Amalgamation 300 Labor Supply 301 Gold and Diamond Mining in Colonial Brazil 302 Other Colonial Mining Centers 303 Impacts of Mining 303 MANUFACTURING IN COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA 303 Case Study 11.1: Mining and Regional Development in Colonial Latin America 304 MINING AND MANUFACTURING DURING THE EARLY REPUBLICAN PERIOD 305 BEGINNINGS OF MODERN MANUFACTURING305 Case Study 11.2: Big Bill Greene and American Industrialization in Northern Mexico 306 THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND IMPORT SUBSTITUTION INDUSTRIALIZATION307 GROWTH POLES AND THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF INDUSTRY309 Chile and the Arica Automobile Manufacturing Experiment 310 Brazil: Large-Scale Regional Development and Underdevelopment 311 Venezuela: Growth Pole Development in a Frontier Setting 312 STATE OWNERSHIP AND PRIVATIZATION 314 EXPORT PROMOTION MANUFACTURING: AN ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT MODEL316 Puerto Ricos Operation Bootstrap 316 The Mexican Maquiladora Industry 317 Other Export Promotion Initiatives 319 Case Study 11.3: Offshore Caribbean Financial Services Industries 320 CURRENT INDUSTRIALIZATION PATTERNS 321 CURRENT MINING DEVELOPMENTS 321 ENERGY RESERVES AND DEVELOPMENT324 Hydroelectric Power Generation 326 Renewable Organic Fuels 327 TOURISM 328 Summary 332 Key Terms 332 Suggested Readings 333 Electronic Sources 336 CHAPTER 12 Urbanization, Population Growth, and Migration 337 NATIVE AMERICAN URBANIZATION337 COLONIAL EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT338 Colonial Urban Primacy 342 Functional Classification of Cities 342 Morphology of the Colonial City 345 Settlement in Portuguese America 348 Rural Settlements 349 Late Colonial Population Levels 350 THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD 351 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 353 Case Study 12.1: Confederate Settlements in Latin America and the Caribbean 353 The Demographic Transition Model 355 Urbanization 356 City Size in the Modern Era 360 Urban Primacy 362 The Inner City: Zone of Commercial High-Rises and Low-Income Tenements 367 Case Study 12.2: Social Expressions of the Latin American Plaza 368 Peripheral Squatter Settlements 370 Urban Population Densities 372 Case Study 12.3: Planned Squatter Settlement Invasions 372 NEW CITIES373 MIGRATION 376 Interregional Flows 377 Migration between Latin American and Caribbean Countries 377 Migration to Europe, Asia, and Anglo America 377 POLITICAL REFUGEES 380 THE BRAIN DRAIN 380 Remittances 382 CONCLUSIONS: ARE LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN OVERPOPULATED? 384 Key Terms 384 Suggested Readings 385 Electronic Sources 389 CHAPTER 13 Development and Health 390 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT DURING THE COLONIAL AND REPUBLICAN PERIODS 393 The International Financial Cycle 393 Recurring Economic Crises 393 THE LOST DECADE 394 Foreign Indebtedness 394 Inflation 396 Currency Devaluation 397 Economic Stagnation and Human Suffering 397 FISCAL RESTRUCTURING AND AUSTERITY399 Case Study 13.1: IMF Austerity Measures and Civil Unrest in Latin America and the Caribbean 401 THE FOUND DECADE 402 REGIONAL AND SUBREGIONAL ECONOMIC UNIONS402 Case Study 13.2: Structural Reform and Argentine Economic and Political Turmoil 403 Central American Common Market 404 Andean Community 407 Caribbean Community 407 Southern Cone Common Market 407 North American Free Trade Association 408 Free Trade Area of the Americas 408 HEALTH AND NUTRITIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN408 Provision of Clean Water and Sewage Treatment 410 Food and Nutrition 411 Case Study 13.3: The Latin American Cholera Epidemic 412 Child Mortality Rate 417 MORPHOLOGY OF THE MODERN CITY362 HEALTH AND THE PHYSICAL-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT419 CONTENTSix xCONTENTS Tropical Lowlands 419 Highlands 423 Case Study 13.4: Environment and Health in Mexico City 424 Urban Centers 425 Rural Regions 428 Summary 428 Key Terms 429 Suggested Readings 429 Electronic Sources 432 GLOSSARY 433 CREDITS 436 INDEX 43