Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in Biological, Forensic and Materials Sciences

Preface
Contents
Part I: Fundamentals
	1: Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
		1.1 Principle of Operation
		1.2 Analytical Performance
		1.3 Instrumentational Details and Variants
			1.3.1 Laser Sources
			1.3.2 Optics
			1.3.3 Sample Presentation
			1.3.4 Spectrometer
			1.3.5 Synchronization
			1.3.6 Data Processing
		1.4 Trending Applications and Outlook
		References
	2: Quantitative Analysis
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Description of the Main Matrix Effects in LIBS
		2.3 Traditional Calibration Strategies Applied to LIBS
			2.3.1 Matrix-Matching Calibration (MMC)
			2.3.2 Internal Standardization
			2.3.3 Standard Addition
		2.4 Nontraditional Calibration Strategies
			2.4.1 Multi-Energy Calibration
			2.4.2 One-Point and Multi-Line Calibration
		2.5 Single-Sample Calibration
			2.5.1 Slope Ratio Calibration and Two-Point Calibration Transfer
			2.5.2 Inverse Calibration
			2.5.3 Fluence Calibration
		2.6 Multivariate Calibration
			2.6.1 Multiple Linear Regression
			2.6.2 Principal Component Regression
			2.6.3 Partial Least Squares
			2.6.4 Artificial Neural Networks
			2.6.5 Calibration Based on Linear Correlation
			2.6.6 Data Fusion
			2.6.7 Other Multivariate Approaches
		2.7 Hyperspectral Images
		2.8 Conclusions and Perspectives
		References
	3: Calibration-Free Quantitative Analysis
		3.1 Radiative Transfer Equation
		3.2 CF LIBS by the Boltzmann Plot Method
			3.2.1 The Boltzmann Plot Equation
			3.2.2 Number Density of Species
			3.2.3 CF LIBS by Boltzmann Plot Method
			3.2.4 CF LIBS by Saha-Boltzmann Plot Method
			3.2.5 Correction for Self-Absorption
			3.2.6 Factors Affecting the Accuracy of CF LIBS
				3.2.6.1 Line Overlap and Deconvolution
				3.2.6.2 Noise
				3.2.6.3 Spectral Resolution and Line Fitting
				3.2.6.4 Electron Density
				3.2.6.5 Plasma Non-uniformity
			3.2.7 Performance of CF LIBS
				3.2.7.1 Sources of Errors in BP (SBP) Method
		3.3 Monte Carlo LIBS
			3.3.1 Setting the Problem
			3.3.2 Cost Function
			3.3.3 Monte Carlo Algorithm
			3.3.4 Performance of MC LIBS
		3.4 Other Calibration-Free Methods
			3.4.1 Spectrum-Matching Algorithms
			3.4.2 Single-Standard Calibration Algorithms
				3.4.2.1 Inverse CF LIBS
				3.4.2.2 One-Point Calibration LIBS
				3.4.2.3 C-Sigma Technique
				3.4.2.4 Comparison of Single-Standard Techniques
		3.5 Summary
		References
	4: State-of-the-Art Analytical Performance
		4.1 Signal Enhancement (Limits of Detection)
			4.1.1 Plasma Conditioning by Means Other than Lasers
				4.1.1.1 Ambient Gas
				4.1.1.2 Sample Heating
				4.1.1.3 Spatial Confinement
				4.1.1.4 Magnetic Field
				4.1.1.5 Microwave Irradiation
				4.1.1.6 Electrical Discharge Assistance
				4.1.1.7 Utilization of Nanoparticles
			4.1.2 Plasma Conditioning by Additional Laser Pulses
				4.1.2.1 Double-Pulse and Multi-Pulse LIBS
				4.1.2.2 Resonance-Enhanced LIBS
				4.1.2.3 LIBS-LIF
			4.1.3 Phase Conversion Approaches
			4.1.4 Combination of Methods: Top Performance
		4.2 Dynamic Range
		4.3 Signal Repeatability and Correction
			4.3.1 Internal Standardization
			4.3.2 Laser Pulse Energy
			4.3.3 Total Emission
			4.3.4 Continuum Radiation
			4.3.5 Acoustic Wave
			4.3.6 Plasma Parameters
		4.4 Spatial Resolution
		4.5 Measurement Distance
		References
Part II: Applications
	5: Preclinical Evaluation of Nanoparticle Behavior in Biological Tissues
		5.1 Experimental Set-up
		5.2 Sample Preparation and Endogenous Element Detection
		5.3 Nanoparticle Tracking
		5.4 Conclusions
		References
	6: Imaging of Biological Tissues
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Laser Ablation of Tissues
			6.2.1 Laser Parameters Involved in the Ablation of Tissues
			6.2.2 Sample Preparation
			6.2.3 From the Concept to 3D Bioimaging
		6.3 Data Processing
			6.3.1 From Qualitative to Quantitative Imaging
			6.3.2 Correlative Imaging
			6.3.3 Multivariate Data Analysis for Imaging Purposes
		6.4 Applications
			6.4.1 Environmental and Plant Tissue Analysis
			6.4.2 Bioimaging of Endogenous Elements
			6.4.3 Bioimaging of Exogenous Elements
		6.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	7: Qualitative Classification of Biological Materials
		7.1 Preliminary Considerations
		7.2 Molecular Emission Studies
		7.3 Chemometric Approaches Used for the Discrimination of Biosamples
		7.4 Microorganisms
		7.5 Viruses
		7.6 Plants and Related Materials
		7.7 Animal and Human Tissues
		7.8 Conclusion
		References
	8: Nanoparticle-Enhanced Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (NELIBS) on Biological Samples
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Experimental
		8.3 NELIBS on Biological Fluids
		8.4 NELIBS on Plant Tissues
		8.5 NELIBS of Amyloid Fibrils
		8.6 NELIBS for the Sensing of NP-Protein Corona
		8.7 Perspective
		References
	9: Analysis of Forensic Trace Evidence
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 LIBS Analysis of Various Types of Forensic Evidence
			9.2.1 Glass
			9.2.2 Paint
			9.2.3 Paper and Ink
			9.2.4 Adhesive Tapes
			9.2.5 Fingerprints
			9.2.6 Gunshot Residue and Ammunition
			9.2.7 Soils
		9.3 Conclusions
		References
	10: Advanced Polymer Characterization
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 LIBS for Polymer Discrimination/Classification
			10.2.1 Linear Classifiers
			10.2.2 Kernel Support Vector Machines
			10.2.3 Artificial Neural Networks
			10.2.4 Random Forests
			10.2.5 K-Nearest Neighbors and Soft-Independent Modeling Class Analogy
		10.3 LIBS for Quantitative Metal Analysis in Polymers
			10.3.1 Univariate Approaches
			10.3.2 Multivariate Approaches
		10.4 Innovative Characterization of Polymers and Organic Materials
			10.4.1 Imaging Applications
			10.4.2 Degradation Studies
			10.4.3 Investigating the Molecular Structure of Organic Compounds
		10.5 Summary and Future Perspectives
		References
	11: Materials Characterization by Laser-Induced Plasma Acoustics and Spectroscopy
		11.1 Laser-Induced Acoustics: Sparking the Interest
		11.2 Fundamentals of the Laser-Produced Acoustic Wave
			11.2.1 Inception and Evolution of the Wave: From Shockwave to Acoustic Wave
			11.2.2 Parameters Conditioning the Collected Acoustic Wave
				11.2.2.1 Excitation Settings
					11.2.2.1.1 Pulse Energy
					11.2.2.1.2 Wavelength
					11.2.2.1.3 Pulse Duration
					11.2.2.1.4 Laser-Matter Interaction
					11.2.2.1.5 Sample Surroundings
		11.3 Capturing Laser-Produced Acoustics
		11.4 Acoustic Data Processing
		11.5 Uses of Laser-Produced Acoustic Waves
			11.5.1 Optical Emission Signal Normalization
			11.5.2 Characterization of Focal Position
			11.5.3 Surface Treatment
			11.5.4 Material Hardness
			11.5.5 Ablated Volume
			11.5.6 Detection and Characterization of Materials
			11.5.7 LIBS and Acoustics Data Fusion
		References