Large-scale 3D Data Integration: Challenges and Opportunities

Large-scale 3D Data Integration: Challenges and Opportunities......Page 1
About the Editors......Page 4
Contributors......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Introduction......Page 9
Part I Nature of the Problem......Page 14
CONTENTS......Page 15
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 16
1.1.1 P ROBLEMS WHEN B RIDGING THE G AP BETWEEN CAD AND GIS......Page 17
1.1.2 O VERVIEW......Page 19
1.2.1.2 Example 2: Cycle Tunnel, Houten......Page 20
1.2.2.1 Example 1: Bridge Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal near Utrecht......Page 22
1.2.2.2 Example 2: Karma System......Page 23
1.2.3.2 Example 2: Point Clouds......Page 24
1.2.4.1 Example 1: Augmented Reality......Page 27
1.2.5 A NALYZING THE O PEN I SSUES WHEN B RIDGING THE G AP BETWEEN GIS AND CAD......Page 28
1.3.1 C ONVERSIONS BETWEEN AND WITHIN GIS......Page 29
1.3.2 C ONVERSIONS BETWEEN AND WITHIN CAD......Page 30
1.3.4 M ULTIVIEW M ODELING......Page 31
1.4 FRAMEWORK FOR BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN GIS AND CAD......Page 32
1.4.1 F ORMAL S EMANTICS......Page 33
1.4.1.1 Formal Geometry Semantics in the GIS Domain......Page 35
1.4.2 INTEGRATED DATA MANAGEMENT......Page 37
1.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 38
REFERENCES......Page 39
APPENDIX A: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CAD AND GIS......Page 41
Part II Data Handling and Modeling......Page 43
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 44
2.2 3D BUILDING RECONSTRUCTION APPROACHES......Page 45
2.2.1.1 Stereo Image Based......Page 46
2.2.1.2 Single or Monoscopic Image Based......Page 49
2.2.1.3 Multiple Image Based......Page 51
2.2.2.1 Overview......Page 52
2.2.2.3 3D Building Reconstruction......Page 53
2.2.3 HYBRID APPROACHES......Page 54
2.3 COMPARISONS AND ANALYSIS......Page 57
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 58
REFERENCES......Page 59
CONTENTS......Page 62
3.1 INTRODUCTION: A CASE FOR GIS/AEC INTEGRATION......Page 63
3.2 GIS AND AEC OBJECT TYPES......Page 66
3.2.1 C HARACTERISTICS OF G EO -S CIENTIFIC D ATA......Page 67
3.2.2 N OISE , E RRORS , AND D ATA U NCERTAINTY......Page 68
3.3 SPATIAL REPRESENTATIONS......Page 69
3.4 SURFACE MODELING IN 3D GIS......Page 70
3.5 VOLUME MODELING IN 3D GIS......Page 75
3.5.1.1 Boundary Representations Using Iso-Surfaces......Page 76
3.5.1.2 Boundary Representations Using Discrete Smooth Interpolation......Page 77
3.5.1.3 Boundary Representations Using 3D Component Modeling......Page 78
3.5.2 S PATIAL O CCUPANCY E NUMERATION......Page 79
3.6 REQUIREMENTS FOR A COMMON 3D GIS/AEC DATA MODELING SOLUTION......Page 81
3.7 INADEQUACIES OF CAD SYSTEMS FOR GEO-SCIENTIFIC MODELING......Page 82
3.8 EXTENDING 2D GIS SYSTEMS TO THREE DIMENSIONS......Page 83
3.9 THE EXTENDED SIMPLEX MODEL ESM......Page 84
3.10 A SOLUTION FOR INTEGRATED AEC/GIS MODELING......Page 86
3.12 CONCLUSIONS......Page 87
REFERENCES......Page 88
CONTENTS......Page 92
4.2.1 P ROVIDING DBMS S TANDARD F UNCTIONALITY......Page 93
4.2.2 E XTENDING THE DBMS TO A G EO -DBMS 2D AND 3D......Page 94
4.2.3 G EO -DBMS M ODELS : G EOMETRY VS . T OPOLOGY......Page 95
4.2.4 OBJECT -RELATIONAL VS . OBJECT-ORIENTED DBMS......Page 96
4.3.1.1 Simple Nature-Formed Objects......Page 97
4.3.1.3 Simple Man-Made Objects......Page 98
4.3.1.4 Complex Man-Made Objects......Page 100
4.3.2.1 Nature-Made Geo-Objects......Page 102
4.3.2.2 Man-Made Geo-Objects......Page 104
4.3.3 3D SPATIAL ACCESS METHODS......Page 106
4.3.5 3D EXTENSIONS FOR SPATIAL QUERY LANGUAGES......Page 107
4.4.1 3D OBJECTS IN OBJECT-ORIENTED DBMS......Page 108
4.4.2.1 Using 2D Data Types......Page 110
4.5.1 AEC CASE STUDY, “MODELING THE INTERIOR OF THE AULA, THE CONGRESS CENTER OF TUDELFT?......Page 112
4.5.2 GIS CASE STUDY, “3D GEOLOGICAL MODELING OF AN OPEN CAST MINE IN THE LOWER RHINE BASIN?......Page 114
4.6 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK: TOWARD BRIDGING AEC AND GIS......Page 116
REFERENCES......Page 118
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 121
5.2.1 ARCHEOGUIDE......Page 123
5.2.2 GEIST......Page 124
5.2.3 T ELL M ARIS......Page 125
5.2.4 L O VEUS......Page 126
5.3.1 S YSTEM A RCHITECTURE......Page 127
5.3.3 R EPRESENTATION......Page 130
5.3.4 D ATA R EPOSITORY......Page 131
5.3.6 H ANDLING OF T HREE -D IMENSIONAL V ISUALIZATIONS......Page 132
5.5 CREATING AND TRANSMITTING A 3D MAP TO MOBILE DEVICES......Page 133
5.6 EXAMPLES......Page 136
5.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 137
REFERENCES......Page 138
Part III Interoperability......Page 140
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 141
6.2 LANGUAGES AND COMMUNICATION PROCESSES......Page 142
6.3 SEMANTIC HETEROGENEITY......Page 143
6.4.1 L OGIC -B ASED O NTOLOGIES......Page 144
6.4.2 N ONLOGIC -B ASED O NTOLOGIES......Page 145
6.4.3 M ETA -S TANDARDS VS . R EFERENCE O NTOLOGIES......Page 146
6.4.5 I NTEROPERABILITY......Page 147
6.5.1 S PATIAL D ATA S TANDARDS AND T HEIR L IMITATIONS......Page 148
6.5.2 S TANDARDS FOR THE S PATIAL C OMPONENT......Page 149
6.5.3 LIMITATIONS OF TODAY’S DATA STANDARDS FOR CAD, AEC, AND GIS INTEGRATION......Page 152
6.6.1 DOMAIN ONTOLOGIES AS REFERENCE ONTOLOGIES......Page 154
6.6.2 TOP-LEVEL ONTOLOGIES......Page 155
6.6.3 IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF TOP-LEVEL ONTOLOGIES......Page 156
6.6.4 TOP-LEVEL ONTOLOGIES FOR CAD, AEC, AND GIS INTEGRATION......Page 157
6.7 SUMMARY......Page 158
REFERENCES......Page 159
CONTENTS......Page 163
7.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM......Page 164
7.4 THE OGC ABSTRACT SPECIFICATION......Page 165
7.5 HOW CURRENT OGC STANDARDS CAN BE USED FOR CAD/GIS INTEGRATION......Page 166
7.5.2 RETURNING CAD/GIS CONTENT TO THE CLIENT ? T HE WEB MAP SERVICE INTERFACE SPECIFICATION......Page 167
7.5.3 SPECIFYING PORTRAYAL RULES......Page 168
7.5.4 THE WEB TERRAIN SERVICE INTERFACE SPECIFICATION......Page 169
7.5.5 COMMUNICATING AND TRANSPORTING CAD/GIS CONTENT IN AN OPEN, INTEROPERABLE M ANNER : GEOGRAPHY MARKUP LANGUAGE GML 3.1......Page 170
7.6 LANDGML  <-  - LANDXML: AN EXAMPLE OF CAD/SURVEY/GIS CONTENT SHARING THAT MAINTAINS SEMANTIC INTEGRITY......Page 171
7.6.2 THE LAND XML  <-  -  LAND GML INTEROPERABILITY EXPERIMENT......Page 172
7.7 PUTTING A STANDARDS-BASED CAD/GIS WORKFLOW IN PLACE......Page 173
REFERENCES......Page 176
Part IV Alternatives......Page 177
CONTENTS......Page 178
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 179
8.3.1 OPEN AND CLOSED......Page 180
8.3.4 GEOMETRIC PRIMITIVES......Page 181
8.4.1 CASE 1. ROUNDING , ACCURACY, AND RESOLUTION......Page 182
8.4.3 CASE 3. GEOMETRIC EQUALITY......Page 183
8.4.4 CASE 4. ISO 19107 DEFINITION OF IS SIMPLE......Page 186
8.4.5 CASE 5. ADJOINING POLYGON POINTS......Page 187
8.5.1 TOPOLOGICAL CLEANING OPERATION......Page 188
8.5.2 LEVELS OF TOPOLOGY IN 3D......Page 189
8.6.1 REALM-BASED GEOMETRY AND TOPOLOGY......Page 190
8.6.2 CONSTRAINT DATABASE APPROACH......Page 193
8.6.3 REGION CONNECTION CALCULUS......Page 194
8.7 THE REGULAR POLYTOPE......Page 195
8.7.2 CONVEX POLYTOPE......Page 196
8.7.3 REGULAR POLYTOPE REPRESENTATION......Page 197
8.7.4 OPERATIONS ON REGULAR POLYTOPES......Page 200
8.7.6 DUAL REPRESENTATION OF REGULAR POLYTOPE......Page 201
8.8 DATA STORAGE REQUIREMENTS......Page 204
8.9.5 CASE 5. ADJOINING POLYGON POINTS......Page 205
8.9.6 CASE 6. DATUM CONVERSION......Page 206
8.11.4 APPROXIMATED POLYTROPE REPRESENTATION......Page 207
REFERENCES......Page 209
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 211
9.1.1 FROM MAP TO GIS AND VGES......Page 212
9.1.2 DEFINING VGES......Page 214
9.1.3 INTERFACES OF VGES......Page 216
9.2 THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL REPRESENTATIONS......Page 217
9.2.1 THE MULTIVIEW INTERFACE......Page 219
9.2.2 VISUALIZATION OF ABSTRACT AND THEMATIC INFORMATION......Page 220
9.2.3 TIME -DEPENDENT DATA VISUALIZATION......Page 221
9.2.4 LOD AND VIEW -DEPENDENT LOD MODELS......Page 223
9.2.5 IMAGE -BASED MODELING AND RENDERING......Page 225
9.3 THE NATURAL INTERACTIONS......Page 226
9.3.3 SKETCH INTERFACE......Page 227
9.3.4 GEOCOLLABORATION......Page 228
9.4 CONCLUSION......Page 229
REFERENCES......Page 230
Color Inserts......Page 232