Language Contacts and Discourses in the Far North (Arctic Encounters)

Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Transcription symbols
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Language Discourses and Contacts in the Twenty-First-Century Far North—Introduction to the Volume
	1.1 About This Book
	1.2 The Linguistic Situation in Finland
		1.2.1 Two National Languages—Finnish and Swedish
		1.2.2 The Indigenous Saami Languages
		1.2.3 English in a Multilingual Society—A Threat or an Enabler?
	1.3 Finnish Communities in Sweden and Estonia
	1.4 Language, Language Discourse, and Linguistic Identity
	References
2 Managing Differences, Showing (Dis)affiliations: Language Contacts Through the Eyes of the Inhabitants of a Village in Finnish Lapland
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Language Biographies, Attitudes, and Affective Orientation in Interaction
	2.3 Data and Methods
		2.3.1 Data Collection, Informants, and Their Languages Briefly
		2.3.2 Approach
	2.4 Multilevel, Personal, and Context–Bound Relationships to Languages
		2.4.1 Variation and Local Identification—Finnish
		2.4.2 Interest and Resistance—Norwegian
		2.4.3 From Observations to the Desire to Be More Involved—Saami
		2.4.4 Getting Along—English and Other Resources
	2.5 Conclusion and Discussion
	References
3 ‘Somewhere Between Engineering and Humanities’: Discourses of Investment in Additional Language Learning Among Students of Higher Education in Finland
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Language as a Resource with Value
	3.3 Multilingualism and Foreign Language Learning in Finland
	3.4 Interviews and Multiscalar Approach
	3.5 Findings
		3.5.1 Discourses of Language Learning as Pleasure/Enjoyment
		3.5.2 Discourse of Language Learning as a Struggle
		3.5.3 Discourse of Language Learning as an Instrument to Gain Profit
		3.5.4 Tensions in Discourses of Profit
	3.6 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
4 The Effects of the Beginning of University Studies on the Language Revitalisation of Skolt Saami as Seen from the Perspective of Students and the Language Community
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Position of the Researcher
	4.2 Linguistic Rights of the Saami Languages in Finland
	4.3 Who Is a Saami?
	4.4 How Skolt Saami Became a Visible Language
	4.5 The Language Path of Skolt Saami
	4.6 Reversing Language Shift
	4.7 Skolt Saami Studies at the University of Oulu
	4.8 Interviews with Students of Skolt Saami
		4.8.1 Basic Information on the Students
		4.8.2 Studying Skolt Saami
		4.8.3 Expectations About the University Studies and How These Were Met
		4.8.4 Reasons for Studying Skolt Saami
		4.8.5 Passing on Skolt Saami from One Generation to the Next
		4.8.6 Using Skolt Saami at the Time of the Interview and Maintaining the Language After Studies
	4.9 Summary
	Appendix 4.1: Questions for Skolt Saami Students
		Basic Information
		Skolt Saami Studies
		After the Studies
	References
5 Talkin’ ’bout My Integration: Views on Language, Identity, and Integration Among Dutch and Finnish Migrants to the Swedish Countryside
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Finnish and Dutch Migration to Sweden
	5.3 Research Questions, Data, and Methods
		5.3.1 Data
		5.3.2 Methods and Research Questions
	5.4 Findings: Language and Social Integration
		5.4.1 The Migrants’ Views on the Locals
		5.4.2 The Migrants’ Views on Learning Swedish
		5.4.3 The Migrants’ Views on the Local Dialect
		5.4.4 The Migrants’ Views on Social Integration
		5.4.5 The Migrants’ Views on Life in Värmland
	5.5 On Identity Construction
	5.6 Pre-migration Aspirations, Post-migration Realities
	5.7 Concluding Remarks and Discussion
		5.7.1 Discussion
	References
6 Finnish, the Most Difficult Language to Learn? Four German-Speaking Migrants’ Ways of Getting Access to the Finnish Language in the North of Finland
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 German Speakers in Finland
	6.3 Data and Research Approach
	6.4 Migration History and Linguistic Repertoire of the Informants
	6.5 Getting Access to Finnish
		6.5.1 Being Forced to Use Finnish Vs. Being Able to Use English
		6.5.2 Formal and Informal Learning of Finnish
	6.6 Summary and Discussion
	References
7 Transnationals’ Discourses on the English Language in Finland
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Theoretical Background
		7.2.1 Multilingualism in Finland
		7.2.2 Perceptions of English in Finland
	7.3 Data and Methodology
		7.3.1 Informants and Pair Conversations
		7.3.2 Discourses in the Study of Languages and Language Users
	7.4 Discourses on the English Language
		7.4.1 Everyone Speaks English
		7.4.2 But Some Still Don’t Speak English
		7.4.3 But English Is Not Enough in Finland
	7.5 Discussion and Implications
	Appendix 7.1. Pair Conversation Questions
	References
8 Silence and Question Marks in Drawings of Interactional Encounters
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Theoretical and Methodological Framework
	8.3 Research Contexts and Data
	8.4 Analysis
		8.4.1 Interactional Encounters
		8.4.2 Foreigners Speak English or Finnish
		8.4.3 The Discourses
		8.4.4 The Ideological Processes of Differentiation
	8.5 Conclusions and Discussion
	References
9 Relationship Between Translingual Practices and Identity Performance and Positioning on the Swedish-Finnish Border
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 Research Objective and Rationale
	9.2 The Relationship Between Language, Identity, and Translingual Practices
	9.3 Data, Participants, and Analysis Method
	9.4 Dynamics of the Language Use and the Identity Performance and Positioning in the Recorded Informal Pair Conversations
		9.4.1 Carro’s and Amanda’s Increasing Translingual Practices and Translingual Identity in 2014 and 2015
		9.4.2 Janet’s and Emma’s Intense Translingual Practices and Translingual Identity in 2014 and 2015
		9.4.3 Carro’s and Amanda’s Dramatic Language Shift and Changes in Identity Positioning in 2017 and 2019
		9.4.4 Janet’s and Emma’s Increased Translingual Practices and Translingual Identity in 2017 and 2019.
	9.5 Adolescents’ Different Performances and Positionings of Identities in the Individual Interviews
		9.5.1 Carro and Amanda—On the Way to Language and Identity Shift?
		9.5.2 Janet and Emma—Translingual Identity Performance and Positionings
	9.6 Connection Between Language Use and Identity Performance and Positioning
	9.7 Discussion
	References
10 Language Mixing in the Contact of Finnish with Swedish, Estonian, and English: The Case of Mixed Compound Nouns
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Data
		10.2.1 Recorded Conversations Between Bilingual Adolescents in Haparanda, Sweden
		10.2.2 The Private Diary of an Elderly Finland Swede in Northern Finland
		10.2.3 Computer-Mediated Conversations Among Finnish Students in Estonia
		10.2.4 Native Finnish Speakers in Finland
	10.3 Background
	10.4 Analysis
		10.4.1 Places
		10.4.2 Community-Specific Terminology
		10.4.3 Food
		10.4.4 Studies
		10.4.5 Other Context-Specific Activities
		10.4.6 Family Vocabulary
		10.4.7 Other
	10.5 Summary and Discussion
	References
11 Structural Approach to Language Revitalisation: Revival of Aanaar Saami
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Background
		11.2.1 The Aanaar Saami Language
		11.2.2 Revitalisation and Its Effects
	11.3 Data and Methods
	11.4 Structural Effects of Aanaar Saami Revival
	11.5 Thematic Analysis
		11.5.1 Good and Poor Language
		11.5.2 Language Competence
		11.5.3 Institutional Domain
		11.5.4 Tolerance
	11.6 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Index