Language and Dialect Death: Theorising Sound Change in Obsolescent Gascon

Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
	1.1 Research Questions
	1.2 Structure of the Book
	References
2 Theorising Language and Dialect Death
	2.1 Internal Factors
	2.2 External Factors
		2.2.1 Language Contact
		2.2.2 Dialect Contact
	2.3 Extralinguistic Factors
	2.4 Language Death
	2.5 Dialect Death
	2.6 New Speakers
	References
3 Research Context: Southern Gallo-Romance
	3.1 The Dialectalisation of Southern Gallo-Romance
	3.2 Language Contact with French in Béarn
	3.3 The Gascon Speech Community in Béarn
	3.4 The Standardisation of Occitan
	3.5 Militant Language Politics in Béarn
	3.6 Occitan Revitalisation in the Educational Context
	References
4 Phonetic and Phonological Systems
	4.1 Linguistic Background
		4.1.1 Northern Occitan
		4.1.2 Southern Occitan
		4.1.3 Gascon
		4.1.4 Occitano-Romance Supra-Dialects
	4.2 Modern Phonological Inventories
		4.2.1 Consonants
			4.2.1.1 Syllable- and Word-Final Consonants
		4.2.2 Vowels
			4.2.2.1 Stressed Oral Vowels
			4.2.2.2 Vowel Length
			4.2.2.3 Unstressed Oral Vowels
			4.2.2.4 Vowel Nasalisation
		4.2.3 Glides and Diphthongs
	References
5 Methodological Considerations
	5.1 Sampling Method
		5.1.1 Fieldwork Sites
		5.1.2 Informant Recruitment
	5.2 Linguistic Variables
	5.3 Corpus Construction
	5.4 Data Analysis
		5.4.1 Acoustic Analysis
		5.4.2 Auditory Analysis
	5.5 Data Processing
		5.5.1 Normalisation
		5.5.2 Data Coding
		5.5.3 Statistical Analysis
	References
6 Language Death: Gascon and French
	6.1 The Oral Vowel System
		6.1.1 Stressed Oral Vowels
		6.1.2 Unstressed Oral Vowels
	6.2 Transfer from French
		6.2.1 Rhotics
		6.2.2 Palatal Lateral
		6.2.3 Voiced Plosives
		6.2.4 Gender Marking
	6.3 Dialect Levelling/Mixing
		6.3.1 Unstressed Oral Vowels
		6.3.2 Voiceless Affricate
		6.3.3 Voiced Affricate
		6.3.4 Voiced Apical Plosive /d/
		6.3.5 Voiced Postalveolar Fricative /ʒ/
			6.3.5.1 Voiceless Apical Fricative /-s/
	6.4 Interim Summary and Discussion
	References
7 Dialect Death: Gascon and Occitan
	7.1 The Oral Vowel System
		7.1.1 Stressed Oral Vowels
		7.1.2 Unstressed Oral Vowels
	7.2 Transfer from French
		7.2.1 Rhotics
		7.2.2 Palatal Lateral
		7.2.3 Voiced Plosives
		7.2.4 Gender Marking
	7.3 Dialect Levelling
		7.3.1 Unstressed Oral Vowels
		7.3.2 Voiceless Affricate
		7.3.3 Voiced Affricate
		7.3.4 Voiced Apical Plosive /d/
		7.3.5 Voiced Postalveolar Fricative /ʒ/
		7.3.6 Voiceless Apical Fricative /-s/
	7.4 Interim Summary and Discussion
	References
8 Towards a New Theory of Language Death
	8.1 Theorising Sound Change During Obsolescence
	8.2 Principles of Linguistic Change During Language Obsolescence
	8.3 Principles of Linguistic Change During Language Revitalisation
	8.4 Internal, External, and Extralinguistic Factors
	References
9 Conclusions
	References
Appendix 1: Wordlist translation task
Appendix 2: Language Death Study—Supplementary Data
Index