Language, Logic, and Computation: 13th International Tbilisi Symposium, TbiLLC 2019, Batumi, Georgia, September 16–20, 2019, Revised Selected Papers

Preface
Organization
Contents
Language and Logic
Final-Vowel Truncation in the Forms of Address in Modern Spoken Georgian
	1 Introduction
	2 Vocative Marking in Georgian
	3 Truncation in Georgian, Its Diachrony and Synchronic Variation
		3.1 No Vocative Truncation in Old or Middle Georgian
		3.2 Modern Georgian Dialects and Vocative Truncation
		3.3 Tbilisi Georgian Between 1950–1980
	4 Contact with Russian as a Possible Source
		4.1 Vocative Truncation in Russian
		4.2 Comparison of Vocative Truncation in Russian vs. Georgian
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Borrowing from Within or Outside of the Language Family?
		5.2 Which Type of Borrowing Is It?
	6 Conclusion
	References
Tutorial: Sign Language Linguistics
	1 Introduction
	2 Phonology
	3 The Use of Space
	4 Syntax
	5 Methodological Considerations
	6 Conclusions
	References
Gradability in MTT-Semantics
	1 Introduction
	2 Modern Type Theories: A Brief Introductioin
		2.1 Many-Sortedness, Common Nouns as Types and Subtyping
		2.2 -types, -types, Indexed Types and Universes
	3 Gradability in MTT-Semantics
		3.1 Gradable Adjectives
		3.2 Gradable Nouns
		3.3 Multidimensional Adjectives
		3.4 Multidimensional Nouns
	4 Coq Implementation
	5 Modelling Gradability with Subtype Universes
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	A Coq Code
		A.1 Gradable Adjectives
		A.2 Multidimensional Adjectives
	References
Building Resources for Georgian Treebanking-Based NLP
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Treebanks
		2.2 Parallel Treebanks and Alignment
	3 Creating a Georgian Treebank
	4 Parallel Treebanking
		4.1 Creating a Parallel Corpus
		4.2 Word Alignment
		4.3 Tree Alignment
		4.4 Quantitative Evaluation
		4.5 Qualitative Evaluation
	5 Discussion and Future Work
	References
Bridging the Gap Between Formal Semantics and Neurolinguistics: The Case of the N400 and the LPP
	1 The N400 and the Late Posterior Positivity
	2 The Functional Interpretation of the N400 and the LPP
		2.1 Predictions and Situation Models
		2.2 The Functional Interpretation of the N400
		2.3 The Functional Interpretation of the LPP
		2.4 The Processing Model Underlying the N400 and the LPP
	3 The Formal Framework
		3.1 Frame Theory
		3.2 Adapting the Framework
		3.3 Formal Definitions of the Update Operations
	4 Probability Distributions and Information Metrics
		4.1 Probability Distributions on Frames
		4.2 Information Metrics: Entropy and Entropy Reduction
		4.3 The LPP and Exception Handling
	5 Comparison to Three Related Models
	6 Closing Outlook
	References
Distributional Analysis of Polysemous Function Words
	1 Introduction
	2 Background: Distributional Analysis
	3 Phenomenon: The German Reflexive Pronoun sich
	4 Data and Annotation
	5 Experimental Setup
	6 Exploratory Analysis
	7 Classification Experiments
		7.1 Experiment 1: Classification with All Classes
		7.2 Experiment 2: Classification Without Inherent Reflexives
		7.3 Experiment 3: Prediction of Semantic Features
	8 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
It is not the Obvious Question that a Cleft Addresses
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Analysis
	4 Applying the Model
	5 Conclusion
	References
Extensions in Compositional Semantics
	1 A Puzzle About Extensions
	2 Truth and Reference
		2.1 Extension and Reference
		2.2 Truth and Individual Reference
		2.3 Truth and Divided Reference
	3 Determining Extensions
	4 Extension and Bedeutung
		4.1 The Arguments of extension
		4.2 Occurrence and Bedeutung
	5 Back to the Puzzle
	6 Conclusion
	References
Embedded Questions are Exhaustive Alright, but…
	1 Introduction
	2 Background: Exhaustive Force, Particles, and Q-Adverbs
		2.1 Different EXH-Force Under Knowand Surprise:SE vs. WE
		2.2 The Interpretive Effect of SCHON…Aber:Implicature Blocking
		2.3 The Meaning of Teilweise‘Partially’: Quantifying Over Pluralities
	3 Wissen‘Know’ + Wh:Data and Analysis
		3.1 Novel Evidence on Know+ Wh:IE is Semantic, but SE is Pragmatic!
		3.2 An Event-Semantic Analysis of WE-Readings with Wissen‘Know’
		3.3 Pragmatics: Strengthening to SE
		3.4 Conclusion on Wissen‘know’ + Wh
	4 Überraschen‘Surprise’ + Wh:Data and Analysis
		4.1 Novel Evidence: WEnondist is Semantic, but WEdist is Pragmatic!
		4.2 Towards a Non-propositional Analysis of Surprise+ Wh
	5 Conclusions and Theoretical Implications
	References
Logic and Computation
Lyndon Interpolation for Modal -Calculus
	1 Introduction
	2 Modal -Calculus
		2.1 Syntactic Considerations
		2.2 Semantics
		2.3 Annotations and Sequents
	3 Sequent Calculi
		3.1 A Circular Proof System
	4 Extracting the Interpolant
	5 On the Form of the Interpolant
	6 Discussion
	References
Decidable and Undecidable Problems for First-Order Definability and Modal Definability
	1 Introduction
	2 Preliminaries
		2.1 Frames
		2.2 Modal Language and Truth
		2.3 First-Order Language and Truth
		2.4 Modal Definability and First-Order Definability
	3 Modal Definability: Decidable Cases
	4 First-Order Definability: Trivial Cases
	5 Chagrova\'s Theorem About Modal Definability
		5.1 A New Proof of Chagrova\'s Theorem About Modal Definability
		5.2 Proofs of New Variants of Chagrova\'s Theorem About Modal Definability
	6 Conclusion
	References
Topological Evidence Logics: Multi-agent Setting
	1 Introduction
	2 Single-Agent Topological Evidence Models
		2.1 The Logic of Topological Evidence Models
	3 Going Multi-agent
		3.1 Topological-Partitional Models
		3.2 Other Fragments
	4 Generic Models for Two Agents
	5 Distributed and Common Knowledge
		5.1 Distributed Knowledge
		5.2 Common Knowledge
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Incomplete Information and Justifications
	1 Introduction
	2 Preliminaries
	3 The logic ILUPJ
		3.1 Syntax
		3.2 Axiomatization
		3.3 Semantics
	4 Soundness and Completeness
		4.1 Completeness
	5 ILUPJ as a Generalization of the Logic PPJ
	6 Conclusion
	References
Unranked Nominal Unification
	1 Introduction
	2 Unranked Nominal Language
	3 Unification
	4 Terminating Fragments
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Lattices of Intermediate Theories via Ruitenburg\'s Theorem
	1 Introduction
	2 Preliminaries
	3 -logics
	4 Algebraic Semantics
	5 Dual Isomorphism
	6 The Lattices of -logics
	7 Conclusion
	A  Proof of Lemma 7
	References
Matching and Generalization Modulo Proximity and Tolerance Relations
	1 Introduction
	2 Preliminaries
	3 Matching and Anti-unification: Problem Statement
	4 Matching
		4.1 Computing Approximation Degrees for Matching
	5 Anti-unification
		5.1 Computing Approximation Degrees for Anti-unification
	6 Conclusion
	References
From Paradox to Truth
	1 Introduction
	2 Formalising Paradox
	3 Paradoxes
	4 Models of Truth
	5 Conclusion
	References
Author Index