Landslides: Causes, Types and Effects

LANDSLIDES: CAUSES, TYPESAND EFFECTS......Page 2
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 8
Abstract......Page 14
1. Introduction......Page 15
2.1. Geology, Neotectonic and Seismicity......Page 18
2.2. Geomorphological Evolution and Climatic Conditions......Page 22
2.3. Geo-Mechanical and Hydrogeological Background......Page 25
3. Landsliding Susceptivity in the Study Area, in the ItalianEnvironmental Context......Page 28
4. Gravitational Phenomena in the Central Apennine......Page 30
4.1.1.1. Mass Movements along the Bordering Slope of the Tectonic Basins......Page 32
4.1.1.2. Mass Movements along the Thrust Fronts......Page 35
4.2. Mass Movements on the Valley Slopes......Page 39
4.2.1.1. Mass Movements of the Glacial Slopes......Page 40
4.2.2.2. Mass Movements along the Fluvial-Denudation Slopes......Page 41
5.1. Mass Movements in the Top Sectors of the Reliefs......Page 53
The Case of Monte Falcone......Page 54
The Case of Montegiorgi......Page 58
5.2. Mass Movements of the Clayey Slopes......Page 60
5.3. Mass Movements of the Coast......Page 66
6. Evolution of Rural Landscape and Landsliding......Page 67
Phase 3......Page 70
7. Conclusion......Page 75
References......Page 76
Abstract......Page 86
1. Introduction......Page 87
2. Ubication and Demographic Growth......Page 89
3.2. Lithology......Page 91
3.3. Structural Geology......Page 92
4.1. Climatic Conditions......Page 93
4.2. Extraordinary Rainfall Events......Page 94
5.1.1. Landslide in Las Mitras Anticline......Page 101
5.2. Recent Landslides Related to Human Causes......Page 102
Salvador Allende Landslide......Page 103
Mitras Landslide......Page 105
Las Lajas Landslide......Page 106
6.1. Rainfall Intensity – Duration Landslide Control......Page 107
6.2. Landslides and Intense Rainfall Events Correlation......Page 109
7. Additional Landslide Causes......Page 111
8. Conclusions......Page 113
References......Page 114
Abstract......Page 118
I. Introduction......Page 119
A. Precipitation and Run-Off......Page 120
B. Hydrogeology and Relief......Page 121
III. Land Sliding and Erosion Processes in Slovenia......Page 122
IV. Large Landslides in Slovenia......Page 124
A. Stože Landslide......Page 125
B. Strug Landslide......Page 127
D. Slano Blato Landslide......Page 130
V. General on Mitigation of Large Landslides in Slovenia......Page 131
VI. Mitigation of the Macesnik Landslides......Page 133
VII. Mitigation of the Slano Blato Landslide......Page 137
VIII. Conclusions......Page 140
References......Page 142
Abstract......Page 146
1. Introduction......Page 147
2.1.1. Spirit and Trigonometric Levelling Basic Concepts......Page 151
2.1.2. Instruments and Elaborates......Page 152
2.2.1. Basic Concepts about Topographic Surveys by Means of GNSS and TotalStations......Page 155
2.2.2. Instruments and Elaborates of GNSS......Page 156
2.2.3. Instruments and Elaborates of Total Stations......Page 158
2.2.4. Monumentation......Page 160
3.1. Airborne LiDAR and Terrestrial Laser Scanner......Page 161
3.1.2. Instruments and Elaborates......Page 162
3.1.3. Accuracy of Point Clouds......Page 163
3.2.1. Satellite Imagery......Page 164
3.2.2.1. Basic Concepts......Page 165
3.2.2.2. Instruments and Elaborates......Page 166
3.2.2.5. Accuracy of Stereoscopic Data Capture......Page 167
3.3. Radar Sensors......Page 169
3.3.1. Satellite/Airborne Dinsar: Basic Concepts......Page 170
3.3.2. Terrestrial Radar Interferometry......Page 172
4. Selection of the Monitoring System......Page 173
5. Discussion......Page 176
6. Final Remarks......Page 179
References......Page 180
Abstract......Page 190
Introduction......Page 191
The Method of the Paleoseismogeology and Evolution ofPaleoseismological Investigations......Page 192
Study Area and Historic Background......Page 194
Estimating Magnitudes of Prehistoric Earthquakes from Landslide Data......Page 200
Estimating Topography Changes from Landslide Data......Page 203
Difficulties and Limitations of Suggested Approach......Page 206
Conclusion......Page 207
References......Page 208
1. Introduction......Page 214
2.1. Qualitative Rock Mass Descriptions......Page 215
2.2. Quantitative Rock Mass Strength Characterization......Page 218
3. Further Characterization and Implications......Page 220
Acknowledgements......Page 221
References......Page 222
1. Introduction......Page 224
2. Formulation of Multi-Scale Analysis......Page 225
3. Numerical Experiments......Page 227
4. Conclusion......Page 229
References......Page 235
1. Introduction......Page 238
2. The Multi-block Model......Page 240
Sliding System Model for Large Displacement......Page 241
Soil Response......Page 243
Proposed Model......Page 244
Calibration of the Model Parameters, Comparison between Measurements andPredictions and Discussion......Page 245
Implementation......Page 253
Steps Needed to Apply the Model......Page 254
The Nikawa Slide......Page 255
Multi-block Predictions......Page 256
5. Conclusions......Page 260
References......Page 261
1. Introduction......Page 264
2. The 28 December 1908 Messina Strait Earthquake:Source Parameters......Page 266
3. Evidence of Tectonic Controls on Drainage Basins......Page 267
4. Modifications of Landscape Induced by the 1908 Fault Rupture......Page 269
References......Page 272
1.1. General Motivation......Page 276
1.2.1. Models Based on the Multibody Contact Theory in Thermo-visco-elasticity......Page 283
Boundary and contact conditions:......Page 285
(A) Multibody contact problems in (thermo-visco-)elastic rheology with short memory:......Page 289
(B) Multibody contact problems in thermo-visco-elastic rheology with long memory:......Page 290
Rheology and the constitutive relations:......Page 291
Boundary and contact conditions:......Page 294
1.2.3. Preliminaries and Notations......Page 295
2.1. Introduction......Page 296
2.2.1. Formulation of the Problem......Page 297
2.2.2. Variational (Weak) Solution of the Problem......Page 299
2.2.3. Finite Element Solution of the Problem......Page 302
2.2.4. Algorithm......Page 304
3.1. Introduction......Page 307
3.2.1. Formulation of the Problem......Page 309
Variational formulation of the problem and the penalty approximation......Page 312
Existence results......Page 314
A priori estimates:......Page 315
3.3.1. Introduction......Page 318
3.3.2. Formulation of the Dynamic Model Problems......Page 319
3.3.3. The Quasi-static Multibody Contact Problems......Page 321
3.3.4. The Approximate Multibody Dynamic Contact Problems......Page 322
3.4. Numerical Solutions of Dynamic Model Problems Formulated in Displacements......Page 324
3.5.1. Semi-implicit Scheme......Page 325
3.5.2. Approximate Mixed Variational Formulation of the Tresca Model: The SaddlePoint-Uzawa/CGM Approach - the Matching Case......Page 327
Mixed variational formulation - elastic case......Page 330
Mixed variational formulation - visco-elastic case......Page 332
3.5.4. Matrix Formulation and the Primal-dual Active Set Strategy Method (PDAS):The Frictionless Case in (Visco-)elasticity with Short Memory......Page 333
Algorithm PDAS:......Page 338
3.5.5. The Newmark Method......Page 340
3.7. Introduction......Page 342
Formulation of the problem......Page 343
Variational (weak) solution of the problem......Page 344
Uniqueness:......Page 347
Existence:......Page 348
A priori estimates I:......Page 349
A priori estimates II.......Page 353
3.7.2. Numerical Solution of the Problem......Page 359
Discrete approximation of the quasi-static problem in visco-elasticity with long memory......Page 360
Discrete approximation of the dynamic problem in thermo-visco-elasticity with longmemory......Page 363
4.1.1. Introduction......Page 365
4.1.2. The Problem Formulation and the Friction Law......Page 367
4.1.3. Variational (Weak) Solution of the Problem......Page 368
4.2.1. Dynamic Case......Page 373
4.2.2. Stationary Flow Case......Page 376
4.2.3. Algorithm of the Dynamic Visco-plastic Part of the Problem......Page 378
5.1.1. Introduction......Page 380
5.1.2. The Mode......Page 381
5.1.3. Results and Discussion......Page 382
5.1.4. Conclusions and Remarks......Page 383
5.2. Modelling of Crustal Movements Having Influence on the Landslide Origin......Page 384
5.3. The Unstable Loaded Slope in the Overflowed Region......Page 388
The idea of the proposal how to predict the future situation in the endangered regionsis based on the mathematical simulation of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical......Page 394
References......Page 397
INDEX......Page 404