Laboratory Safety for Chemistry Students

LABORATORY SAFETY FOR CHEMISTRY STUDENTS
Contents
Preface: To the Students
To the Instructor
	Purpose
		Audience
		Scope
		Unique Approach and Organization
		How This Book Can Be Used
	References
Acknowledgments
Acronyms
1 Safety Culture
	1.1.1 The Four Principles of Safety
		INCIDENT 1.1.1.1 MIXING ACID AND WATER
			Hazards and Risks
			Hazards Are a Part of Our World!
			Safety from the Experts
			How Do We Learn Safety?
			Its All About Minimizing Risk!
			Taking Unnecessary Risks: The Cause of Most Incidents
			Types of Laboratories: Teaching, Research, and Industry
			The Four Principles of Safety
			Safety Education versus Safety Training
			The Student Safety Ethic
			Safety Rules!
		References
	1.1.2 What is Green Chemistry?
		INCIDENT 1.1.2.1 WASTED CAO REAGENT
			What Is Green Chemistry?
			‘‘Going Green’ in the Chemical Industry
			‘‘Going Green’ in the Lab
			Your Role as a Student
		References
	1.2.1 Re-thinking Safety: Learning From Laboratory Incidents
		INCIDENT 1.2.1.1 HAIR ON FIRE
			Prelude
			That Was No Accident!
			Its About Learning Lessons for Prevention, Not Blaming Someone
			Learning How to Learn Lessons
		INCIDENT 1.2.1.2 HOT GLASS
			How Might We Prevent This Incident From Happening Again?
		INCIDENT 1.2.1.3 STUDENT SERIOUSLY BURNED BY TRIFLUOROACETIC ACID
			INCIDENT ANALYSIS IN ACADEMIC LABS: RAMP
		References
	1.2.2 Green Chemistry in the Organic Curriculum
		INCIDENT 1.2.2.1 ORGANIC SOLVENT FIRE
			Why Organic?
			Green Initiatives in Organic Chemistry
			Being Green, and Safe, in Organic Chemistry Laboratories: RAMP
		References
	1.3.1 Fostering a Safety Culture
		INCIDENT 1.3.1.1 METHANOL FIRE
			Safety Follows the Leader – What If You Are the Leader?
			Understanding What Motivates People
			A Battle Between Safety and Human Nature
			Building Positive Attitudes Toward Safety
			Safety Cultures in Academic Institutions
		References
	1.3.2 Employers Expectations of Safety Skills for New Chemists
		INCIDENT 1.3.2.1 ALLERGIC REACTION TO FORMALIN
			How Employers View Safety
			The Working World
			Attitude Is Everything
			Safety Skills Are Essential
			Your Expectations as an Employee
			Leading, Supervising, and Managing Employees—The Path to Safety
			The Safety Ethic
			RAMP
		References
	1.3.3 Laws and Regulations Pertaining to Safety
		INCIDENT 1.3.3.1 LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE EXPLOSION
			Laws and Regulations
			Occupational Safety and Health Regulations – Legal Requirements
			Hazardous Waste Regulations – Legal Requirements
			Radioactive Materials Regulations – Legal Requirements
			Select Agent Regulations – Legal Requirements
			The Toxic Substances Control Act
			Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA)
			Chemicals That Could Be Used As Potential Terrorist Agents – Legal Requirements
			RAMP
		References
	1.3.4 Green Chemistry: the Big Picture
		INCIDENT 1.3.4.1 BROKEN THERMOMETERS
			The Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry
			Being Green, and Safe
			Industrial Examples
			Sustainability – The Key Role for Green Chemistry
			RAMP
		References
	1.3.5 Safety Considerations for Chemistry Demonstrations
		INCIDENT 1.3.5.1 THE RAINBOW DEMONSTRATION
		INCIDENT 1.3.5.2 THE TORNADO DEMONSTRATION
		INCIDENT 1.3.5.3 TEACHER BURNED IN CHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION
			Prelude
			Causes of Incidents Involving Demonstrations
			Using RAMP to Prepare for a Demonstration
			Step 1 Recognize Hazards – The Rainbow Demonstration
			Step 2 – Assess the Risks of Hazards: Rainbow Demonstration
			Step 3 – Minimize the Risks of Hazards: Rainbow Demonstration
			Step 4 – Prepare for Emergencies
			Safety Guidelines for Demonstrations
			RAMP FOR DEMONSTRATIONS
		References
	1.3.6 The Teaching Assistants Role in Laboratory Safety
		INCIDENT 1.3.6.1 QUICK ACTION BY A TEACHING ASSISTANT LIMITS CHEMICAL BURN
			Prelude
			Being Alert
			In the Lab
			Preparing for and Responding to Emergencies
			Mentoring and Teaching Safety
			Final Thoughts
		References
	INTRODUCTORY
		INTERMEDIATE
		ADVANCED
2 Preparing for Emergency Response
	2.1.1 Responding to Laboratory Emergencies
		INCIDENT 2.1.1.1 SULFURIC ACID SPILL
			Prelude
			Emergencies Requiring Evacuation – Being Prepared to Act Immediately!
			“Fight or Flight?” When You Need to Leave the Lab
			Mitigating the Emergency
			Non-Laboratory-Related Emergencies
			Summary
		References
	2.1.2 Fire Emergencies in Introductory Courses
		INCIDENT 2.1.2.1 FIRE FROM FRAYED ELECTRICAL WIRING
		INCIDENT 2.1.2.2 KITCHEN FIRE QUICKLY EXTINGUISHED
			Prelude
			Classes of Fires
			The Fire Triangle and the Fire Tetrahedron
			How Fires Burn
			Classes of Fires and Types of Fire Extinguishers
			Using Water to Extinguish a Fire
			Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers
			Dry Chemical Extinguishers
			Which Extinguisher Should I Use?
			Using Fire Extinguishers
			What If You Are on Fire?
			Should You Fight the Fire?
			What Else to Do
			Theres More
		References
	2.1.3 Chemical Spills: On you and in the Laboratory
		INCIDENT 2.1.3.1 PHENOL CHEMICAL BURN
		INCIDENT 2.1.3.2 CONTAMINATED EYE WASH
			Prelude
			Spills that Dont Contaminate People
			Splashes in Your Eyes
			Using Emergency Eyewashes
			Spills that Contaminate People
			Washing Splashed Chemicals from Your Body – Using Emergency Showers
			Gas Leaks in Laboratories
			Summary
		References
	2.1.4 First Aid in Chemistry Laboratories
		INCIDENT 2.1.4.1 CPR REVIVES RESEARCHER AFTER ELECTRICAL SHOCK
			Prelude
			Types of Lab-Related Medical Problems
			Inhalation of Gases and Vapors
			Skin and Eye Exposure to Chemicals
			Burns
			Electric Shock
			Exposure to Extreme Cold
			Cuts or Open Wounds
			Traumatic Injuries
			Exposure to Biological Agents
			Radiation Exposure
			Other General Issues Regarding Emergency Response
			RAMP
		References
	2.2.1 Fire Emergencies in Organic and Advanced Courses
		INCIDENT 2.2.1.1 LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE FIRE
		INCIDENT 2.2.1.2 SOLVENT FIRE
			Classes of Fires
			Class B Fires: Organic Liquids
			Class C Fires: Electrical Fires
			Class D Fires: Active Metals
			Laboratory Fires and Laboratory Hoods
			RAMP
		References
	2.2.2 Chemical Spills: Causes and Prevention
		INCIDENT 2.2.2.1 A LITTLE SPILL BUT BIG IMPACT
		INCIDENT 2.2.2.2 A BIG SPILL BUT A LUCKY STUDENT
			Prelude
			Causes of Chemical Spills
			Spill Prevention
			Resources for Spill Prevention
			Using RAMP:
		References
	2.2.3 Chemical Spills: Containment and Clean-Up
		INCIDENT 2.2.3.1 MIXED SOLUTIONS SPILL
			Prelude
			General Procedures
			More About Spill Containment and Clean-up
			Acid and Base Spills
			Solvent and Flammable Liquid Spills
			Other Spills: HF, Hg, Reactive Chemicals
			Cleaning Up a Spill
			Leaking Gas Cylinders
			Summary
			RAMP
		References
	2.3.1 Preparing for Emergencies in Research
		INCIDENT 2.3.1.1 EXPLOSION DURING UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH
		INCIDENT 2.3.1.2 SOLVENT FIRE IN CHEMICAL HOOD ACTIVATES FIRE ALARM
			Prelude
			Preparing for Emergencies
			Hazard Analysis
			Responding to Emergencies
			Practice Makes Perfect
			RAMP
		References
	INTRODUCTORY
		INTERMEDIATE
		ADVANCED
3 Understanding and Communicating Laboratory Hazards
	3.1.1 Routes of Exposures to Hazards
		INCIDENT 3.1.1.1 REUSING GLOVES
		INCIDENT 3.1.1.2 RESEARCHER BURNED BY SPLASH OF STRONG ACID
			How Can I Be Exposed to Hazards?
			Dont Eat That Here!
			The Eyes Have It!
			Did You Smell That?
			Preventing Exposure to Air Contaminants from the Laboratory
			Potential Air Contaminants in a Laboratory
			Such Lovely Skin – Our Personal Barrier to Exposure!
			Exposure by Injection Is Possible, but Not Likely
			Working in the Lab: RAMP
		References
	3.1.2 Learning The Language of Safety: Signs, Symbols, and Labels
		INCIDENT 3.1.2.1 ACETIC ACID EXPLOSION
			How Do Hazards Get Communicated to Chemists?
			Name that Chemical – Watching for Mistaken Identity
			Look at the Label!
			Hazard Rating Systems
			Working in the Lab: RAMP
		References
	3.1.3 Finding Hazard Information: Material Safety Data Sheets, Safety Data Sheets, and the GHS
		INCIDENT 3.1.3.1 Chemical Sensitivity
		INCIDENT 3.1.3.2 Isopropanol Explosion
			>90,000,000 Chemicals in 2014 – Now Thats a Lot of Chemicals!
			GHS SDSs Replaced OSHA MSDSs via HazCom in 2013
			The Structure of a Safety Data Sheet
			Using Safety Data Sheets
			Reading SDSs with a Critical Eye
			Using SDSs in the Lab: RAMP
		References
	3.1.4 Information Resources About Laboratory Hazards and Safety
		INCIDENT 3.1.4.1 DIMETHYL SULFATE AND SODIUM AZIDE EXPLOSION
			Where Do I Begin?
			Internet Resources
			Printed Materials
			Planning to Work Safely in the Lab
			RAMP
		References
	3.1.5 Interpreting SDS Information
		INCIDENT 3.1.5.1 ISOPROPYL ETHER DETONATION
			Gleaning Useful Information for Hazard Assessment from SDS
			Skepticism about SDSs
			Format of a Safety Data Sheet (see Appendix A for an example of a good SDS)
			Using SDSs in the Lab: RAMP
		References
	3.3.1 Chemical Hygiene Plans
		INCIDENT 3.3.1.1 HYDROFLUORIC ACID EXPOSURE
			Planning to Succeed
			The Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP)
			Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO)
			RAMP
		References
	INTRODUCTORY
		ADVANCED
4 Recognizing Laboratory Hazards: Toxic Substances and Biological Agents
	4.1.1 Concepts in Toxicology
		INCIDENT 4.1.1.1 CHEMICAL DERMATITIS
		INCIDENT 4.1.1.2 INHALING A TOXIC CHEMICAL
			Prelude
			What Is Toxicology and Why Do I Need to Know About It?
			Its the Dose that Matters – What Was Your Level of Exposure?
			Metabolism – The Bodys Defense against Toxic Chemicals
			Characterizing Acute Toxicity
			Multiple Factors Influence Toxicity
			Working with Toxicants
			RAMP
		References
	4.1.2 Measuring Toxicity
		INCIDENT 4.1.2.1 DIOXIN EXPOSURE IN THE LAB
			The Language of Toxicologists: Lethal Doses (LD50 and LC50 Values) for Acute Toxicants
			Extremely Toxic Chemicals – The Poisons
			How Do We Determine a Threshold Level for a Toxicant?
			Working with Toxicants
			RAMP
		References
	4.1.3 Acute Toxicity
		INCIDENT 4.1.3.1 AZIDE IN THE TEA
			Toxic Chemicals – A Plethora of Effects
			Acutely Toxic Chemicals Found in Laboratories
			Its Really Irritating How Sensitive You Can Be!
			You Dont Do Well Without Oxygen
			Developmental Toxicants – Teratogens and Fetotoxicants
			Organ Toxicants – Toxic Chemicals That Affect Specific Organs or Body Systems
			RAMP
		References
	4.2.1 Chronic Toxicity
		INCIDENT 4.2.1.1 XYLENE POISONING
		INCIDENT 4.2.1.2 CHRONIC TOXICITY FROM TCDD EXPOSURE
			Chronic Toxicants and the Laboratory
			Understanding Chronic Toxicity – The Basics
			Risks of Chronic Toxicity
			Mercury, a Potential Chronic Poison with Laboratory Exposures
			Working with Chronic Toxicants
			RAMP
		References
	4.3.1 Carcinogens
		INCIDENT 4.3.1.1 LABORATORY EXPOSURE TO CARCINOGENS
			Cancer and Its Causes
			Chemical Carcinogens
			Mutagens
			Working with Carcinogens
			RAMP
		References
	4.3.2 Biological Hazards and Bloodborne Pathogens
		INCIDENT 4.3.2.1 EXPOSURE TO HUMAN SERUM
		INCIDENT 4.3.2.2 SALMONELLA INFECTIONS LINKED TO LABORATORIES
			Biosafety and Containment – Essential Practices in Handling Infectious Agents
			Viruses and Bacteria – Agents of Infection!
			Opportunities for Exposures to Biological Agents in Laboratories
			Bloodborne Pathogens – Hazards from Handling Human Blood Specimens
			Preventing Exposures to Bloodborne Pathogens and Other Infectious Materials
			RAMP
		References
	4.3.3 Hazards of Nanomaterials
		INCIDENT 4.3.3.1 NICKEL SENSITIZATION WORKING WITH NANOPARTICLES
			Prelude
			Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology
			Laboratory Work with Nanomaterials
			Hazards and Risks of Nanomaterials
			Laboratory Activities with Nanomaterials
			Minimizing Exposures to Nanomaterials in the Laboratory
			Working with Nanomaterials: RAMP
		References
	Introductory
		Intermediate
		Advanced
5 Recognizing Laboratory Hazards: Physical Hazards
	5.1.1 Corrosive Hazards in Introductory Chemistry Laboratories
		INCIDENT 5.1.1.1 SULFURIC ACID SPILL
			Corrosives Destroy Things – Especially Your Skin!
			Acids—Safe Handling Prevents Burns
			Common Corrosive Bases
			The Eyes Are Particularly Sensitive to Corrosives, Especially Bases
			Corrosives Can Be Inhaled Too!
			Oxidizing Agents
			Working with Corrosives
			More on Corrosives
			RAMP
		References
	5.1.2 Flammables: Chemicals with Burning Passion
		INCIDENT 5.1.2.1 SODIUM-SOLVENT FIRE
			When Do We Use Flammables?
			Characterizing Flammable and Combustible Chemicals
			Fire Hazard Rating Systems
			What Starts a Fire?
			What Makes Chemicals Flammable?
			How Can I Recognize a Flammable Chemical?
			Does Chemical Structure Influence Flammability?
			Working with Flammable Chemicals: RAMP
		References
	5.2.1 Corrosives in Advanced Laboratories
		INCIDENT 5.2.1.1 TRIFLUOROACETIC ACID BURNS
			A Chemical Overview of Corrosive Compounds
			Acids
			The Halogens – All Oxidizing Agents
			Other Dehydrating Agents and Water-Reactive Compounds
			Phenol
			Working with Corrosives
			RAMP
		References
	5.2.2 The Chemistry of Fire and Explosions
		INCIDENT 5.2.2.1 ETHER FIRE
		INCIDENT 5.2.2.2 DEMONSTRATION GONE AWRY
		INCIDENT 5.2.2.3 EXPLOSION OF UNATTENDED REACTION
			Fires Are Chemical Reactions!
			Why Are Fires So Dangerous?
			Got Gas?
			Flash Fires
			Explosions from Fires – The Spectacular BLEVE
			Working with Flammable Chemicals: RAMP
		References
	5.2.3 Incompatibles: A Clash of Violent Proportions
		INCIDENT 5.2.3.1 EXPLODING HAZARDOUS WASTE
		INCIDENT 5.2.3.2 EXPLOSION DURING ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
			Incompatibles – A Chemical Overview
			Acid–Base Incompatibles – Overview
			Strong Oxidants and Reductants – An Overview of Redox Incompatibles
			Chemicals That React With Water – Water-Reactives
			Pyrophorics – Incompatibles with Air
			Storing Incompatible Chemicals
			Working with Incompatible Chemicals
		References
	5.3.1 Gas Cylinders and Cryogenic Liquid Tanks
		INCIDENT 5.3.1.1 LIQUID NITROGEN TANK EXPLOSION
		INCIDENT 5.3.1.2 INAPPROPRIATE GAS CYLINDER CAP REMOVAL INCIDENT
			Gas Cylinders, Liquid Tanks, and Their Hazards
			High Pressure, But Not From a Salesperson
			Any Place Without Oxygen Is a Big Problem – You Can't Breathe!
			The Usual Suspects – Flammable, Corrosive, Toxic, Reactive
			Cryogenics – Now These Are Really Cold
			Gas Cylinder Regulators – Getting the Gas Out
			Securing Your Cylinders – Falling Cylinders Are Dangerous!
			Moving Your Cylinders – The No Roll-Slide-Drag Zone
			Storing Gas Cylinders – Dry, Secured, and Ventilated
			Using Compressed Gases in the Lab: RAMP
		References
	5.3.2 Peroxides: Potentially Explosive Hazards
		INCIDENT 5.3.2.1 ROTARY EVAPORATOR EXPLOSION
			Prelude
			Peroxides – Capable of Supplying an Unexpected Explosive Surprise!
			Preventing Dangerous Peroxide Situations – Practices That Can Protect You
			Working with Peroxides and Peroxide-Forming Solvents: RAMP
		References
	5.3.3 Reactive and Unstable Laboratory Chemicals
		INCIDENT 5.3.3.1 THE FLAMING GLOVEBOX
		INCIDENT 5.3.3.2 RESEACHER SEVERELY INJURED FROM DETONATION
			Hazards of Unstable Laboratory Chemicals
			An Explosion – Its All About Energy
			Recognizing Chemicals with Explosive Properties
			Predicting Explosive Properties
			Minimizing Adverse Events When Working with Unstable Chemicals
			Working with Potentially Explosive Laboratory Chemicals: RAMP
		References
	5.3.4 Hazards from Low or High Pressure Systems
		INCIDENT 5.3.4.1 FILTRATION IMPLOSION
		INCIDENT 5.3.4.2 GLASS HAZARDS FROM A ROTARY EVAPORATOR
			Applying Pressure in the Laboratory
			The Simplest High-Pressure Reactors – Sealed Tubes
			Laboratory Hydrogenations – A Common High-Pressure Operation
			Low-Pressure Operations – Potential for Implosions and Toxic Exposures in the Lab and Elsewhere in the Building
			Working with Low- or High-Pressure Systems: RAMP
		References
	5.3.5 Electrical Hazards
		INCIDENT 5.3.5.1 ELECTROPHORESIS SHOCK
		INCIDENT 5.3.5.2 FATAL ELECTROCUTION FROM FAULTY CIRCUIT DESIGN
			Electrical Hazards are Common
			Review of Basic Electrical Concepts
			Hazards from Electrical Contact
			Preventing Electrical Shock
			Using Electrical Equipment
			Avoiding Electrical Contact in the Lab: RAMP
		References
	5.3.6 Housekeeping in the Research Laboratory: The Dangers of Messy Labs
		INCIDENT 5.3.6.1 ACIDS STORED ON THE FLOOR
			Prelude
			When Is ‘‘Messy’ the Same as ‘‘Not Safe’?
			Possible Effects of Messy Labs
			Falling Is Not Graceful
			Keeping Labs Safe
			RAMP
		References
	5.3.7 Non-ionizing Radiation and Electric and Magnetic Fields
		INCIDENT 5.3.7.1 UV LIGHT EXPOSURE
			Prelude
			Low Photon Energy  Low Hazard
			Extremely Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Radiation
			Radiowaves or Radiofrequency Radiation
			Microwave Radiation
			Infrared Radiation and Visible Light
			Ultraviolet Radiation
			Electric and Magnetic Fields
			Working with Non-Ionizing Radiation: RAMP
		References
	5.3.8 An Array of Rays: Ionizing Radiation Hazards in the Laboratory
		INCIDENT 5.3.8.1 PLUTONIUM SULFATE SPILL AND CONTAMINATION
			Prelude
			Types of Radiation – Waves and Particles, and Both
			Hazards of Radiation
			Working with Radioisotopes and Other Sources of Ionizing Radiation: RAMP
		References
	5.3.9 Cryogenic Hazards: A Chilling Experience
		INCIDENT 5.3.9.1 EXPLODING NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) TUBE
			What Are Cryogens?
			Hazards of Operations Using Cryogens
			Special Equipment to Handle Cryogens
			Safety Measures in Handling of Cryogens
			Working with Cryogens: RAMP
		References
	5.3.10 Runaway Reactions
		INCIDENT 5.3.10.1 RUNAWAY REFLUX LEADS TO EXPLOSION
		INCIDENT 5.3.10.2 RUNAWAY GRIGNARD REACTION
			Runaway Reactions – A Cause of Significant Incidents
			Predicting Runaway Reactions
			Learning from Industrial Experience
			Runaway Reactions: RAMP
		References
	5.3.11 Hazards of Catalysts
		INCIDENT 5.3.11.1 CATALYST FIRE
			Catalysts in the Laboratory
			Metal Catalysts
			Enzyme Catalysts
			RAMP
		References
	INTRODUCTORY
		INTERMEDIATE
		ADVANCED
6 Risk Assessment
	6.1.1 Risk Assessment: Living Safely with Hazards
		INCIDENT 6.1.1.1 FATAL LAB EXPOSURES
			Risk in Labs
			Hazard and Risk – They Are Different!
			Risk Assessment Versus Risk Management
			Assessing Probability of Exposure to a Hazard
			Risk Assessment
			Carrying Out Risk Assessment and Risk Management – an Example
			RAMP
		References
	6.1.2 Managing Risk: Making Decisions About Safety
		INCIDENT 6.1.2.1 NITRIC ACID AND ETHANOL EXPLOSION
			Prelude
			Acceptable Risk: Deciding What Is Safe
			Formal Risk Assessment: Laws and Regulations
			Risk–Benefit and Cost–Benefit: Making Informal Decisions in the Lab
			Risk Management in the Lab: RAMP
		References
	6.2.1 Using the GHS to Evaluate Chemical Toxic Hazards
		INCIDENT 6.2.1.1 HYDROGEN SULFIDE LEAK
			“How Safe Is It to Work with this Stuff?
			Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)
			Using Acute Toxicity Data to Judge the Importance of Chemical Toxic Hazards
			Assessing Other Acute and Chronic Health Hazards
			GHS Labels
			RAMP
		References
	6.2.2 Understanding Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)
		INCIDENT 6.2.2.1 MERCURY POISONING IN AN ACADEMIC LAB
			Prelude
			ACGIH Threshold Limit Values (Non-Mandatory Guidelines)
			OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits: Regulatory (Non-voluntary) Standards
			NIOSH RELs (Non-mandatory)
			Finding OEL Data
			Using TLVs and PELs in the Lab: RAMP
		References
	6.3.1 Assessing Chemical Exposure
		INCIDENT 6.3.1.1 LABORATORY EXPOSURE TO SOLVENTS
			Why, and When, to Sample?
			Air Sampling in Assessing Chemical Exposures
			Biological Monitoring
			Summary
			RAMP
		References
	6.3.2 Risk Assessment for New Experiments
		INCIDENT 6.3.2.1 AZIDE EXPLOSION
		INCIDENT 6.3.2.2 AQUA REGIA EXPLOSION
		INCIDENT 6.3.2.3 SEALED VIAL EXPLOSION
			Planning a New Experiment
			Applying RAMP: Using a Checklist
			Other Conceptual Approaches to Risk Evaluation and Assessment
			A Final Word
		References
	INTRODUCTORY
		INTERMEDIATE
		ADVANCED
7 Minimizing the risks from hazards
	7.1.1 Laboratory Eye Protection
		INCIDENT 7.1.1.1 ACID SPLASH IN EYES
		INCIDENT 7.1.1.2 ‘‘BUMPED'’ SOLUTION
			The Eyes Have It! And You Should Want to Keep Them
			Types of Eye Protection
			The Best Features of Chemical Splash Goggles
			Other Types of Laboratory Eye Protection
			Contact Lenses in the Laboratory – A Matter of Choice
			‘‘Can I Ever Not Wear My Goggles in the Lab?’
			Working in Labs and Protecting Your Eyes: RAMP
		References
	7.1.2 Protecting Your Skin: Clothes, Gloves, and Tools
		INCIDENT 7.1.2.1 NaOH LAB PREPARATION
		INCIDENT 7.1.2.2 ACID SPLASH ON LATEX GLOVES
		INCIDENT 7.1.2.3 BURETS CAN BE HAZARDOUS
			Protecting Your Body from Chemical Exposures – Barriers Are Your Defense
			Appropriate Clothing in the Lab
			Guarding Those Hands – One of Your Most Valued Tools
			When Should You Wear Gloves?
			Hot Materials: Gloves or Tools?
			Skin Protection in Introductory Courses: RAMP
		References
	7.1.3 Chemical Hoods in Introductory Laboratories
		INCIDENT 7.1.3.1 SOLVENT FIRE DURING RECRYSTALLIZATION
		INCIDENT 7.1.3.2 FATAL EXPOSURE DUE TO HOOD FAILURE
			Dont Let Chemicals Take Your Breath Away!
			How Does ‘‘Design Follow Purpose’ for a Chemical Hood?
			How Do You Use a Chemical Hood Safely?
			The Larger Picture of Lab Ventilation: RAMP
		References
	7.2.1 More About Eye and Face Protection
		INCIDENT 7.2.1.2 NITRIC ACID SPLASH ON FACE
			The Basics: A Review
			Safety Glasses and Visitors Glasses
			When Do You Want More than Chemical Splash Goggles?
			Eye Protection for Ultraviolet and Visible Radiation
			Working in Labs and Protecting Your Eyes and Face: RAMP
		References
	7.2.2 Protecting Your Skin in Advanced Laboratories
		INCIDENT 7.2.2.1 FATAL EXPOSURE THROUGH INAPPROPRIATE GLOVES
		INCIDENT 7.2.2.2 t-BUTYLLITHIUM FIRE AND FATALITY
		INCIDENT 7.2.2.3 INAPPROPRIATE CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR IN THE LABORATORY
			Advanced Labs: More Chemicals, More Hazards
			Clothing
			Protective Clothing for the Laboratory
			Gloves: Many Options and No Perfect Glove
			‘‘Heavy Duty’ Gloves: Thicker Is Better
			Gloves for Hot and Cold Items
			Online Resources for Gloves
			RAMP
		References
	7.2.3 Containment and Ventilation in Advanced laboratories
		INCIDENT 7.2.3.1 OSMIUM TETROXIDE EXPOSURE
			Prelude
			The Lab Room Itself
			Various Kinds of Chemical Hoods
			Specialized Chemical Hoods
			Gloveboxes
			Other Containment Systems
			RAMP
		References
	7.3.1 Safety Measures for Common Laboratory Operations
		INCIDENT 7.3.1.1 EXPLOSION USING NON-EXPLOSION-PROOF REFRIGERATOR
		INCIDENT 7.3.1.2 GOT THAT STABBING FEELING?
		INCIDENT 7.3.1.3 IMMERSION WATER HEATER FIRE HAZARD
			Learning Laboratory Operations and Safety Precautions from Others
			Reducing Scale Reduces Risk
			Common Laboratory Operations and Equipment – Safety Considerations
			Other Sources of Information
		References
	7.3.2 Radiation Safety
		INCIDENT 7.3.2.1 EXPOSURE TO AIRBORNE PLUTONIUM
			Laboratory Safety for Ionizing Radiation – The Radiation Safety Program
			Seeing Those Invisible Rays
			ALARA – Minimizing the Dose
			Protection from Sealed Sources of Radiation in Laboratory Instrumentation
			Protection from Open Sources of Radiation in the Laboratory
			RAMP
		References
	7.3.3 Laser Safety
		INCIDENT 7.3.3.1 EYE DAMAGE FROM A PULSED LASER
		INCIDENT 7.3.3.2 SHOCK FROM LASER POWER SUPPLY
		INCIDENT 7.3.3.3 WRONG PROTECTIVE EYEWEAR
			Laboratory Lasers
			Classes of Lasers
			Eye Protection from Lasers
			Safety Measures for Handling Lasers
			Laser Safety: RAMP
		References
	7.3.4 Biosafety Levels (BSLs) and Biological Safety Cabinets
		INCIDENT 7.3.4.1 MENINGITIS IN THE LAB
		INCIDENT 7.3.4.2 FATAL LABORATORY-ACQUIRED INFECTION FROM PLAGUE
			Biosafety Levels – Protections When Using Microbiological Agents in the Laboratory
			Biological Safety Cabinets (BSCs)
			HEPA Filters Trap Microorganisms
			BSC Classes
			Using BSCs
			Maintaining and Certifying BSCs
			RAMP
		References
	7.3.5 Working in a Hazardous Atmosphere
		INCIDENT 7.3.5.1 MISUSE OF A RESPIRATOR
			Respirators – The Last Resort
			Before Using a Respirator
			RAMP
		References
	7.3.6 Safety in the Research Laboratory
		INCIDENT 7.3.6.1 LARGE-SCALE REACTION OUT OF CONTROL
		INCIDENT 7.3.6.2 RUNAWAY RESEARCH REACTION
			Undergraduate Research
			Emergency Scenes – Conducting the ‘‘Scene Survey’'
			Working in a New Lab – Conducting the ‘‘Scene Survey’'
			Special Considerations When Performing Research
			Working Alone – A Common Risk for Researchers
			Working in a Research Lab: RAMP
		References
	7.3.7 Process Safety for Chemical Operations
		INCIDENT 7.3.7.1 EXPLOSION FROM SCALE-UP OF REACTION
			What Is Process Safety and Why Is It Important?
			Process Safety – A Brief Review of Some Basic Concepts
			Process Safety Management (PSM) – A Systems Approach
			Analysis of a Major Incident – Failure to Use PSM
			Learning More
			RAMP
		References
	INTRODUCTORY
		INTERMEDIATE
		ADVANCED
8 Chemical Management: Inspections, Storage, Wastes, and Security
	8.1.1 Introduction to Handling Chemical Wastes
		INCIDENT 8.1.1.1 THE STINKING BUILDING
			Prelude
			Rule #1: ‘‘Think Before You Use the Sink!’
			Protecting the Environment
			Disposing of Chemical Wastes Safely
			Waste Disposal Costs Money
			General Guidelines
			RAMP
		References
	8.2.1 Storing Flammable and Corrosives
		INCIDENT 8.2.1.1 DEFECTIVE CHEMICAL STORAGE CABINET
		INCIDENT 8.2.1.2 CONCENTRATED ACETIC ACID BOTTLE BREAKS
			Minimizing Risks of Exposure to Corrosives and Flammable Liquids
			Storing Corrosive Chemicals
			Storing Flammable Liquids
			Limitations on Volumes of Flammables in a Laboratory
			RAMP
		References
	8.2.2 Handling Hazardous Laboratory Waste
		INCIDENT 8.2.2.1 TOLLENS' TEST EXPLOSION
		INCIDENT 8.2.2.2 DOWN THE DRAIN
			Prelude
			What is a “Laboratory Waste”?
			What Happens to Hazardous Waste from the Laboratory?
			What Is My Role in Hazardous Waste Disposal?
			Requirement of Compliance with Regulated Hazardous Chemical Waste
			Minimizing Hazardous Waste – ‘‘Less Is Better’'
			Hazardous Biological Infectious Waste
			RAMP
		References
	8.3.1 Doing your Own Safety Inspection
		INCIDENT 8.3.1.1 UNRECOGNIZED HOOD FAILURE
			Maintaining a Safe and Secure Laboratory
			How Do I Conduct An Inspection of My Laboratory?
			What Do I Look For?
			RAMP
		References
	8.3.2 Managing Chemicals in your Laboratory
		INCIDENT 8.3.2.1 CHEMICAL EXPOSURE AND FIRE FROM AN OLD STORED CHEMICAL
		INCIDENT 8.3.2.2 CHEMICAL SPILL DURING DELIVERY TO THE LAB
			Responsibility for Managing Chemicals
			Before Buying
			Minimize Chemical Orders
			Receiving Chemicals
			Transport, Transfers, and Movement of Chemicals
			RAMP
		References
	8.3.3 Chemical Inventories and Storage
		INCIDENT 8.3.3.1 THE EXPLODING BOTTLE
			Prelude
			General Considerations in Chemical Storage
			A Good Chemical Inventory – A Continuous Process
			Compatibility Determines Proper Storage
			Time-Sensitive Chemicals
			Chemical Storage Locations, Cabinets, and Shelving
			When You Are Working in Labs: RAMP
		References
	8.3.4 Chemical Security
		INCIDENT 8.3.4.1 RADIOACTIVE IODIDE POISONING
		INCIDENT 8.3.4.2 ACADEMIC CHEMIST SENTENCED IN EXPLOSIVES CASE3–6
			Prelude
			What Might Be Stolen?
			Securing High Hazard Materials in the Laboratory
			Identifying High Hazard Materials
			Summary
			RAMP
		References
	INTRODUCTORY
		INTERMEDIATE
		ADVANCED
Appendix A
Index
EULA