Laboratory Medicine in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science

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Contents
About the Author
Introduction
Chapter 1. Laboratory Tests
	Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
	Alanine transaminase (ALT)
	Albumin
	Aldosterone
	Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
	Alprazolam level
	Ammonia
	Amylase
	Angiography, computed tomography (cerebrovascular)
	Angiography, magnetic resonance (cerebrovascular)
	Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
	Antinuclear antibody (ANA) testing
	Antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies
	Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotyping
	Aspartate transaminase (AST)
	Basic metabolic panel (BMP)
	Bile acids
	Bilirubin
	Blood alcohol level (BAL)
	Blood gases
	Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
	Bone mineral density scan
	Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
	Calcium
	Carbamazepine level
	Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT)
	Carbon dioxide (CO[sub(2)])
	Carotid ultrasound
	Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β[sub(1–42)]  (CSF Aβ[sub(1–42)])
	Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
	Cerebrospinal fluid cell count and differential
	Cerebrospinal fluid cytology
	Cerebrospinal fluid glucose
	Cerebrospinal fluid lactate
	Cerebrospinal fluid protein
	Cerebrospinal fluid tau protein
	Chest X-ray (CXR)
	Chlordiazepoxide level
	Chloride
	Cholinesterase
	Clonazepam level
	Clozapine level
	Complete blood count (CBC)
	Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)
	Computed tomography scan, head
	Cortisol
	C-reactive protein (CRP)
	Creatine kinase (CK)
	Creatinine
	Cystatin-C
	Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) genotyping
	Dexamethasone suppression test (DST)
	Diazepam level
	Echocardiogram
	Electrocardiogram
	Electroencephalogram (EEG)
	Electrolytes panel
	Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction testing (NCT)
	Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
	Estrogens
	Ethylene glycol level
	Event-related potential (ERP) testing
	Evoked potential (EP) testing
	Fecal blood testing
	Ferritin
	Flurazepam level
	Folate level
	Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
	Fragile X DNA testing
	Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
	Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)
	Glucose
	Heavy metal screening
	Hematocrit
	Hemoglobin
	Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)
	Hepatitis panel
	High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)
	HIV testing
	Homocysteine level
	Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
	Human growth hormone level
	Huntingtin gene mutation
	Iron level
	Lipase
	Lipid panel
	Lithium level
	Liver function tests (LFTs)
	Lorazepam level
	Lyme antibodies
	Magnesium
	Magnetic resonance imaging
	Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
	Mammography
	Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
	Metanephrines
	Methanol level
	Methylmalonic acid (MMA) level
	Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) and maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT)
	Osmolality
	Oxazepam level
	Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
	Phosphate
	Platelet count
	Polysomnography
	Positron emission tomography, brain
	Potassium
	Prealbumin
	Prolactin
	Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
	Protein, serum
	Pyridoxine (vitamin B[sub(6)]) level
	Quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG)
	Red blood cell (RBC) count
	Renal function panel
	Reticulocyte count
	Serotonin transporter polymorphism
	Single-photon emission computed tomography
	Sodium
	Syphilis testing
	Temazepam level
	Testosterone level
	Thiamine level
	Thyroid function testing: free thyroxine
	Thyroid function testing: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
	Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)
	Transferrin; transferrin saturation
	Triglycerides
	Troponins
	Tuberculosis (TB) testing
	Uric acid
	Urinalysis
	Urine appearance
	Urine bilirubin
	Urine blood, hemoglobin, and myoglobin
	Urine casts
	Urine color
	Urine crystals
	Urine dipstick testing
	Urine drug screen
	Urine epithelial cells and epithelial casts
	Urine glucose
	Urine ketones
	Urine leukocyte esterase
	Urine microalbumin
	Urine nitrite
	Urine pH
	Urine protein
	Urine red blood cells (RBCs) and RBC casts
	Urine specific gravity
	Urine white blood cells (WBCs) and WBC casts
	Urobilinogen
	Valproate level
	Vitamin B[sub(12)] level
	Vitamin D level
	White blood cell (WBC) count
	White blood cell (WBC) count differential: basophils
	White blood cell (WBC) count differential: eosinophils
	White blood cell (WBC) count differential: lymphocytes
	White blood cell (WBC) count differential: monocytes
	White blood cell (WBC) count differential: neutrophils
Chapter 2. Diseases and Conditions
	22q11.2 deletion syndrome
	Adrenal insufficiency (AI)
	Alcohol use disorder (AUD)
	Aluminum toxicity
	Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
	Anemia
	Anorexia nervosa (AN)
	Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)
	Anxiety disorder due to another medical condition; substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder
	Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults
	Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
	Bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition
	Brain abscess
	Brain tumor
	Bulimia nervosa (BN)
	Catatonia
	Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM)
	Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
	Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
	Cirrhosis
	COVID-19
	Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
	Cushing’s syndrome (CS)
	Delirium
	Dementia
	Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)
	Depressive disorder due to another medical condition
	Diabetes insipidus (DI)
	Diabetes mellitus (DM)
	Down syndrome (DS)
	DRESS syndrome
	Drug abuse
	Drug-induced liver injury (DILI)
	Dysphagia
	Encephalitis, viral
	Ethylene glycol poisoning
	Fatty liver disease
	Folate deficiency
	Fragile X syndrome (FXS)
	Frontotemporal dementia (FTD)
	Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
	Hashimoto’s encephalopathy
	Headache
	Hemochromatosis
	Hepatic encephalopathy (HE)
	Hepatitis, viral
	HIV and AIDS
	Huntington’s disease (HD)
	Hydrocephalus
	Hypercalcemia
	Hyperglycemia
	Hyperkalemia
	Hypermagnesemia
	Hypernatremia
	Hyperparathyroidism
	Hypertensive encephalopathy
	Hypocalcemia
	Hypoglycemia
	Hypogonadism
	Hypokalemia
	Hypomagnesemia
	Hyponatremia
	Hypoparathyroidism
	Hypothyroidism
	Infectious mononucleosis (IM)
	Insomnia disorder
	Klinefelter’s syndrome
	Lead poisoning
	Limbic encephalitis (LE)
	Lyme disease
	Major depressive disorder (MDD)
	Manganese poisoning
	Manic episode
	Marchiafava-Bignami disease (MBD)
	Meningitis
	Mercury poisoning
	Metabolic syndrome
	Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD)
	Methanol poisoning
	Mild neurocognitive disorder
	Multiple sclerosis (MS)
	Myocardial infarction (MI)
	Narcolepsy
	Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
	Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)
	Obsessive-compulsive disorder
	Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
	Organophosphate poisoning
	Osteoporosis
	Pancreatitis, acute
	Pancreatitis, chronic
	Panic attack and panic disorder
	Parkinson’s disease (PD)
	Pellagra
	Peripheral neuropathy
	Pheochromocytoma
	Pica
	Porphyria
	Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS)
	Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
	Psychogenic polydipsia
	Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition
	Pyridoxine deficiency
	Restless legs syndrome (RLS)
	Sarcoidosis
	Schizophrenia
	Seizures
	Stroke
	Subdural hematoma (SDH)
	Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD)
	Syphilis
	Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
	Thiamine deficiency
	Thrombocytopenia
	Thrombocytosis
	Thyrotoxicosis
	Tuberculosis (TB)
	Uremic syndrome
	Urinary tract infection (UTI)
	Vitamin B[sub(12)] deficiency
	Wernicke’s encephalopathy (WE) and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
	Wilson’s disease
Chapter 3. Psychotropic Medications: Laboratory Screening and Monitoring
	Acamprosate
	Amphetamines
	Antipsychotics, first generation
	Aripiprazole
	Asenapine
	Atomoxetine
	Benzodiazepines
	Bremelanotide
	Brexpiprazole
	Buprenorphine
	Bupropion
	Buspirone
	Carbamazepine
	Cariprazine
	Citalopram
	Clozapine
	Desvenlafaxine
	Donepezil
	Duloxetine
	Escitalopram
	Fluoxetine
	Fluvoxamine
	Gabapentin
	Galantamine
	Guanfacine
	Iloperidone
	Ketamine and esketamine
	Lamotrigine
	Lemborexant
	Levetiracetam
	Levomilnacipran
	Lithium
	Lofexidine
	Lumateperone
	Lurasidone
	Memantine
	Methylphenidate
	Milnacipran
	Mirtazapine
	Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
	Naltrexone
	Nefazodone
	Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics
	Olanzapine
	Olanzapine-samidorphan
	Opioids
	Oxcarbazepine
	Paliperidone
	Paroxetine
	Pimavanserin
	Pitolisant
	Quetiapine
	Ramelteon
	Risperidone
	Rivastigmine
	Serdexmethylphenidate/Dexmethylphenidate
	Sertraline
	Sildenafil
	Suvorexant
	Tasimelteon
	Topiramate
	Tramadol
	Trazodone
	Tricyclic antidepressants
	Valproate/Divalproex
	Vardenafil
	Varenicline
	Venlafaxine
	Vilazodone
	Vortioxetine
	Ziprasidone
Appendix A. Therapeutic and Toxic Drug Levels at a Glance
Appendix B. Additional Information on Neuroimaging
	Neuroimaging signal appearance: MRI and CT
	Approach to reading a head CT scan
Appendix C. Additional Cardiac-Related Information
	Ten rules for a normal electrocardiogram
	Cardiovascular risk assessment
	Medical evaluation for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Appendix D. The Bilirubin Cycle
Appendix E. The Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis
References
Index