Laboratory Manual for Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
PREFACE
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
LOCKER INVENTORY
WASTE DISPOSAL
EXPERIMENTS
1 Introduction to Chemistry
	Topic: The Scientific Method
	A. Instructor Demonstrations
	B. Student Experiments
2 Instrumental Measurements
	Topic: The Metric System
	A. Length Measurements
	B. Mass Measurements
	*C. Mass and Volume of an Unknown Solid
	D. Volume Measurements
	E. Temperature Measurements
3 Density of Liquids and Solids
	Topic: Density
	A. Instructor Demonstration – Density
	B. Density of Water
	*C. Density of an Unknown Liquid
	D. Density of a Rubber Stopper
	*E. Density of an Unknown Solid
	F. Thickness of Aluminum Foil
4 Freezing Point and Melting Point
	Topic: Change of Physical State
	A. Cooling Curve and Freezing Point
	*B. Melting Point of an Unknown
5 Physical Properties and Chemical Properties
	Topic: Physical and Chemical Properties
	A. Instructor Demonstrations
	B. Observation of Elements
	*C. Physical Properties
	D. Chemical Properties
6 “Atomic Fingerprints”
	Topic: Emission Spectra and Electron Energy Levels
	A. Continuous Spectrum – White Light
	B. Line Spectrum – Hydrogen
	C. Line Spectra – Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, and Mercury
	*D. Identifying Unknown Elements in a Fluorescent Light
7 Families of Elements
	Topic: The Periodic Table
	A. Analysis of Known Solutions
	*B. Analysis of an Unknown Solution
8 Identifying Cations in Solution
	Topic: Qualitative Cation Analysis
	A. Analysis of a Known Cation Solution
	*B. Analysis of an Unknown Cation Solution
9 Identifying Anions in Solution
	Topic: Qualitative Anion Analysis
	A. Analysis of a Known Anion Solution
	*B. Analysis of an Unknown Anion Solution
10 Analysis of a Penny
	Topic: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
	A. Instructor Demonstration – Combination Reactions
	B. Decomposition Reactions
	C. Single-Replacement Reactions
	D. Double-Replacement Reactions
	E. Neutralization Reactions
	*F. Percentages of Copper and Zinc in a Penny
11 Determination of Avogadro’s Number
	Topic: Avogadro’s Number and the Mole Concept
	A. Calibrating a Dropper Pipet
	B. Calculating Molecules in the Monolayer
	*C. Determining Avogadro’s Number
12 Empirical Formulas of Compounds
	Topic: Empirical Formula
	A. Empirical Formula of Magnesium Oxide
	*B. Empirical Formula of Copper Sulfide
13 Analysis of Alum
	Topic: Percent Composition and Empirical Formula
	A. Percentage of Water in Alum Hydrate
	*B. Percentage of Water in an Unknown Hydrate
	*C. Water of Crystallization in an Unknown Hydrate
14 Decomposing Baking Soda
	Topic: Mass–Mass Stoichiometry and Percent Yield
	A. Percent Yield of Na2CO3 from Baking Soda
	*B. Percentage of NaHCO3 in an Unknown Mixture
15 Precipitating Calcium Phosphate
	Topic: Mass–Mass Stoichiometry and Percent Yield
	A. Percent Yield of Ca[sub(3)](PO[sub(4)])[sub(2)] from CaCl[sub(2)]
	*B. Percentage of CaCl[sub(2)] in an Unknown Mixture
16 Generating Hydrogen Gas
	Topic: Mass–Volume Stoichiometry and Combined Gas Law
	A. Molar Volume of Hydrogen Gas
	*B. Atomic Mass of an Unknown Metal
17 Generating Oxygen Gas
	Topic: Mass–Volume Stoichiometry and Combined Gas Law
	A. Percentage of KClO3 in a Known Mixture
	*B. Percentage of KClO3 in an Unknown Mixture
18 Molecular Models and Chemical Bonds
	Topic: Structural and Electron Dot Formulas
	A. Molecular Models with Single Bonds
	B. Molecular Models with Double Bonds
	C. Molecular Models with Triple Bonds
	D. Molecular Models with Two Double Bonds
	*E. Unknown Molecular Models
19 Analysis of Saltwater
	Topic: Solubility and Solution Concentration
	A. Instructor Demonstration – Supersaturation
	B. Solutes and Solvents
	C. Rate of Dissolving
	*D. Concentration of Sodium Chloride in Saltwater
20 Analysis of Vinegar
	Topic: Acid–Base Titrations
	A. Preparation of Sodium Hydroxide Solution
	*B. Titration of Acetic Acid in Vinegar
21 Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions
	Topic: Net Ionic Equations
	A. Conductivity Testing—Evidence for Ions in Aqueous Solution
	B. Conductivity Testing—Evidence for a Chemical Reaction
	C. Net Ionic Equations—A Study Assignment
22 Activity Series for Metals
	Topic: Oxidation Numbers and Redox Reactions
	A. Oxidation Numbers of Iron
	B. Oxidation Numbers of Manganese
	C. Oxidation Numbers of Sulfur
	D. Oxidation Numbers of Nitrogen
	E. Oxidation–Reduction Equations —A Study Assignment
	*F. Activity Series and an Unknown Metal
23 Organic Models and Classes of Compounds
	Topic: Structural Formulas of Molecular Models
	A. Molecular Models of Hydrocarbons
	B. Molecular Models of Hydrocarbon Derivatives
	*C. Unknown Molecular Models
24 Separation of Food Colors and Amino Acids
	Topic: Paper Chromatography
	A. Separation of Food Colors by Paper Chromatography
	*B. Identification of Amino Acids by Paper Chromatography
25 Laboratory Instruments and Techniques
	Topic: Lab Final Exam
	A. Lab Practical Exam
	B. Lab Written Exam
APPENDICES
	A: Laboratory Burner
	B: Decigram Balance
	C: Centigram Balance
	D: Milligram Balance
	E: Volumetric Pipet
	F: Activity Series for Metals
	G: Solubility Rules
	H: Laboratory Notebook
	I: Glossary
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		D
		E
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		P
		Q
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		W
	Answers to Prelaboratory Assignments