Key Questions in Second Language Acquisition

Half title
Title page
Imprints page
Dedication
Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Prologue
1 What Are the Origins of Second Language Acquisition as a Research Field?
	The Revolution in Linguistics and L1 Acquisition
	The Revolution in Second Language Acquisition
	The Driving Question
	Some Observations on Data Types
	Conclusion
	Recap
	References and Readings
	Following Up
2 What Does Development Look Like?
	Morpheme Orders
	Developmental Sequences
	U-Shaped Development
	Markedness Relationships
	Summary So Far
	Knowing More Than What You Are Exposed To
	Constraints on Acquisition
	Back to Variation for a Moment
	Recap
	References and Readings
	Following Up
3 What Are the Roles of Input and Output?
	The Nature of Input
	The Necessity of Input
	Output
		Output Is Necessary
		Output Plays Little to No Role
		Output Is Beneficial
	Recap
	References and Readings
	Following Up
4 What Is the Initial State?
	Universal Grammar
	Universal Grammar as the Initial State
		No Transfer
		The Full Access Hypothesis
	The L1 Is the Initial State
		Full Transfer/Full Access
	Partial Transfer of the L1 in the Initial State
		Minimal Trees Hypothesis
		Valueless Features Hypothesis
	Quick Recap
	Other Perspectives
	Recap
	References and Readings
	Following Up
5 Can L2 Learners Become Nativelike?
	What Is Nativelikeness?
	Second Language Acquisition
		L2 Learners Cannot Become Nativelike
			The Fundamental Difference Hypothesis
			The Critical Period Hypothesis
		Learners Can Become Nativelike in Some Domains, But Not Others
			Representational Deficit Hypotheses
			The Shallow Structure Hypothesis
		Nativelikeness Is Possible
			Full Transfer/Full Access
			The Interface Hypothesis
		Overall Summary and Discussion
	Recap
	References and Readings
	Following Up
6 Does Instruction Make a Difference?
	Instruction and Ordered Development
	Instruction and Rate of Development
	Instruction and Ultimate Attainment
	The Effects of Instruction and Short-Term Studies
	Recap
	References and Readings
	Following Up
7 What Role Does Explicit Learning Play in L2 Acquisition?
	A Brief Discussion of “Learning”
	Can Explicit Knowledge Turn into Implicit Knowledge?
	Can Explicit Knowledge/Learning Influence the Development of Implicit Knowledge?
	Putting Explicit Learning into Perspective
	Recap
	References and Readings
	Following Up
8 What Are Individual Differences and How Do They Affect L2 Acquisition?
	Individual Differences in L1 Acquisition
	Individual Differences in L2 Acquisition
		Language Aptitude
		Working Memory
		Motivation
	What Do Individual Differences Explain?
		Individual Differences and Rate of Acquisition
	Recap
	References and Readings
	Following Up
Epilogue
Glossary
Index