Key Concepts in Environmental Chemistry

Key Concepts in Environmental Chemistry......Page 1
 Copyright......Page 2
 Purpose and Organization......Page 3
 Chapter 6 Abstracts and Keywords......Page 6
 Acknowledgments......Page 7
science (5)......Page 8
 Chapter 2 Abstracts and Keywords......Page 38
Appendix I Common Excel Shortcuts and Key Combinations......Page 9
1 Introduction to Environmental Chemistry......Page 10
1.1 Overview and Importance of Environmental Chemistry......Page 11
2.2 Sample Collection......Page 12
1.3 review of energy and thermodynamic concepts......Page 14
1.4 Review of chemical kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium......Page 15
1.5 Global Water and element Cycles......Page 19
1.5.1 The Global Water Cycle......Page 20
1.5.2 The Global Carbon Cycle......Page 23
1.5.3 The Global Nitrogen Cycle......Page 27
1.5.4 The Global Phosphorus Cycle......Page 31
1.6 An introduction to environmental data analysis......Page 34
1.7 End of Chapter Problems......Page 35
1.8 References......Page 37
3 Aqueous Chemistry......Page 39
2.1 Introduction to Environmental Statistics......Page 40
2.2.1 The Sampling Process......Page 42
2.3 The Distribution and Transformation of Data......Page 44
2.3.1 Normal Distribution and Log-Normal Distributions......Page 45
4.4 Physico-Chemical Water Quality Indicators......Page 137
4.5 Developmental Toxicants......Page 53
6.6 Transport, Transformation, and Deposition Processes: A brief Introduction......Page 197
2.7 graphical data analysis......Page 57
2.7.1 The Use of the Scatterplot in Environmental Data Analysis......Page 58
5.3.1 Chlorination......Page 167
2.8.1 Multivariate Correlation Analysis......Page 63
2.8.2 Pattern Recognition Techniques......Page 65
2.8.3 Data Reduction......Page 68
2.8.4 Multivariate Calibration Techniques......Page 72
2.9 End of Chapter Problems......Page 73
2.10 References......Page 76
science (10)......Page 77
Appendix II Values of Student’s t at the Various Confidence Levels......Page 318
chp3......Page 78
4.1.1 Flow in Groundwater Systems......Page 79
10.3.2 Emerging Environmental Technologies......Page 304
3.1.3 Water Density......Page 82
8.2 Soil Formation, Composition, and Structure......Page 84
3.2.1 The Carbonate System in Aquatic Systems......Page 87
3.2.2 Carbonate Species Distribution......Page 89
8.3 Soil Organic Matter and Biochemical Aspects......Page 91
3.3.1 Redox Variables......Page 92
3.3.2 Aqueous Nitrogen Species......Page 93
3.3.3 Reduced Phosphorus Species Reconsidered......Page 95
3.3.4 Trace Metals in Natural Waters......Page 100
3.4 Dissolution and Precipitation in Aquatic Environments......Page 102
3.5 adSorption in aquatic environments......Page 105
3.7 End of Chapter Problems......Page 109
3.8 References......Page 111
 Chapter 4 Abstracts and Keywords......Page 112
4.1 Surface and Groundwater Relationships......Page 113
4.1.2 Contaminant Retention and Release......Page 116
4.1.3 Contaminant Transport Processes and Plume Behavior......Page 117
4.2.1 SI Units of Measure and Conversions......Page 119
4.2.2 Chemical Concentrations......Page 120
4.3.1 Drinking Water Standards......Page 124
4.3.2 Nitrogen and Phosphorus......Page 125
4.3.2 Heavy Metals and Metalloids......Page 127
4.3.2 Radionuclides......Page 129
4.3.2 Nonaqueous-phase Liquids......Page 132
4.3.2 Pesticides......Page 134
4.4.1 Electrical Conductivity (EC)......Page 138
4.4.2 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)......Page 140
4.6 Biological Assessements......Page 142
4.7 Water Quality Monitoring......Page 144
4.7.1 Water Quality Monitoring Design......Page 145
4.7.3 Field Sampling and Analysis......Page 146
4.7.5 Dissemination of Results and Decision Making......Page 150
4.8 Introduction to Environmental Modeling: a Water Quality Perspective......Page 151
4.9 End of Chapter Problems......Page 153
4.10 References......Page 154
science (13)......Page 157
5 Water Treatment and Related Technologies......Page 158
5.2 The Treatment of Municipal Sewage and Water......Page 159
5.2.1 Primary Treatment......Page 160
7.7.1 The Role of Transition Metals and Other Atmospheric Species in Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Oxidation of Sulfur(IV) Oxides......Page 235
5.2.3 Tertiary Treatment......Page 163
5.3.2 Ozonation and Ultraviolet Radiation......Page 169
5.4 Use and Disposal of Biosolids......Page 171
5.5.1 Activated Carbon......Page 173
6.6.2 Acid Deposition......Page 200
5.5.3 Ion Exchange......Page 175
7.6 Aldehydes in the Atmosphere......Page 231
5.7. References......Page 179
science (15)......Page 180
6 The Atmosphere and Associated Processes......Page 181
6.2 The Layers of the Atmosphere......Page 182
6.2.1 The Boundary Layer......Page 183
6.3 Atmospheric Radiation and Photochemical Reactions......Page 184
6.3.1 Energy of a Photon: Understanding Basic Photochemistry......Page 185
6.3.1 Example: Stratospheric Ozone......Page 186
6.3.1 Stratospheric Ozone Destruction: The Role of Halogen Compounds......Page 188
9.4 Risk Assessment......Page 283
6.5.1 Biogenic Emissions......Page 192
6.5.2 Anthropogenic Sources of Emission......Page 195
6.6.2 Mercury Deposition......Page 203
6.6.2 Deposition of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons......Page 204
7.7 Heterogeneous Atmospheric Reactions......Page 233
6.8 End of Chapter Problems......Page 209
6.9. References......Page 211
 Chapter 7 Abstracts and Keywords......Page 214
7 Air Pollutants and Associated Chemical and Photochemical Processes......Page 215
7.1.1 Indoor Air Pollution: A Primer......Page 216
7.2 ambient particulate matter: primary and secondary contributions and formation......Page 220
7.3 Photochemical Mechanism of Ozone (O3) Formation: The Role of VOCs and NOx......Page 223
7.4 Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN) Formation and NOX Transport......Page 228
7.5 photochemical smog: formation Conditions and health effects......Page 229
7.8 Example Predictive Atmospheric Models......Page 237
7.9 End of Chapter Problems......Page 239
7.10. References......Page 241
 Chapter 8 Abstracts and Keywords......Page 243
8 Soil Chemistry......Page 244
8.1 Introduction to Soil Chemistry......Page 245
8.3.1 An Introduction to Humic Substances......Page 249
8.4 Sorption of Metals and Hydrophobic Organic Compounds in soils......Page 250
8.4.1 Metal Adsorption in Soils......Page 252
8.4.2 The Role of Weak Organic Acids......Page 255
8.5 Pesticide Adsorption in Soils......Page 256
8.6 Acid and Base Characteristics......Page 258
8.7 End of Chapter Questions......Page 259
8.8 References......Page 260
 Chapter 9 Abstracts and Keywords......Page 262
9.1 Introduction to Environmental Toxicology......Page 263
9.2 Evaluating Exposure Pathways and Mechanisms of Action......Page 266
9.2.1 Toxic Effects and Factors Influencing Toxicity......Page 267
9.2.2 Toxicity Testing......Page 268
9.2.3 Xenobiotic Metabolism: Biotransformation......Page 272
9.2.3 Metabolism of Toluene and Associated Health Effects......Page 274
9.2.3 Metabolism of Methoxychlor and Associated Health Effects......Page 276
9.3.1 Hazardous Waste Identification and Characterization......Page 278
9.3.2 Hazardous Waste Minimization......Page 281
9.4.1 Calculating Statistically-Estimated Risk Associated with Exposure......Page 286
9.5 End of Chapter Problems......Page 288
9.6 References......Page 290
 Chapter 10 Abstracts and Keywords......Page 292
10 Green Chemistry and Sustainable Chemical Processes......Page 293
10.1 Principles of Green Chemistry......Page 294
10.2 Life of the Manufactured Chemical Product......Page 298
10.3.1 Design of Sustainable Technology......Page 303
10.3.3 Sustainability Metrics......Page 307
10.4 Pollution Prevention and Waste Minimization......Page 309
10.5.1 Agricultural Practices......Page 310
10.6 End of Chapter Problems......Page 313
10.7 References......Page 314
science (25)......Page 316
Appendix III Critical Values of F for a One-Tailed Test with p = 0.05......Page 319
Appendix IV Critical Values of F for a Two-Tailed Test with p = 0.05......Page 320
Appendix V Common Matrix Notation and Calculations......Page 321
 A......Page 325
 B......Page 327
 C......Page 328
 D......Page 331
 E......Page 333
 F......Page 335
 G......Page 336
 H......Page 338
 I......Page 339
 L......Page 340
 M......Page 341
 N......Page 343
 O......Page 344
 P......Page 345
 R......Page 348
 S......Page 349
 T......Page 353
 V......Page 355
 W......Page 356
 Z......Page 357