Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, The Essentials

About the Authors
Preface
To the Student
1 POLITICS: WHO GETS WHAT, AND HOW?
	WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . IN “HASHTAG ACTIVISM”?
	What Is Politics?
		Politics and Government
		Rules and Institutions
		Power, Narratives, and Media
		Politics and Economics
	Political Systems and the Concept of Citizenship
		Authoritarian Systems
		Nonauthoritarian Systems
		The Role of the People
	Origins of Democracy in America
		European Sources of Democratic Thought and Practice
		The Social Contract
		PROFILE IN CITIZENSHIP: DAN SAVAGE
		As the Founders Saw It
	The Evolution of American Citizenship
	SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: HOW DO WE ENGAGE POLITICALLY ONLINE?
	Thinking Critically About American Politics
		DON’T BE FOOLED BY . . . YOUR OWN INFORMATION BUBBLE
		Analysis
		THE BIG PICTURE: HOW TO THINK CRITICALLY
		Evaluation
	LET’S REVISIT: WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . ?
	CLUES TO CRITICAL THINKING: EXCERPTS FROM PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA’S HOWARD UNIVERSITY COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS, MAY 7, 2016
	REVIEW
2 AMERICAN CITIZENS AND POLITICAL CULTURE
	WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . IN OUR IMMIGRATION POLICY?
	Who Is an American?
	SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: WHO ARE WE AND WHO WILL WE BE BY 2050?
	DON’T BE FOOLED BY . . . BIG DATA
	THE BIG PICTURE: HOW IMMIGRATION HAS CHANGED THE FACE OF AMERICA
		American Citizenship
		Nonimmigrants
		U.S. Immigration Policy
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: WHAT DO OUR TWO LARGEST IMMIGRANT GROUPS LOOK LIKE?
		PROFILES IN CITIZENSHIP: JOSE ANTONIO VARGAS
	The Ideas That Unite Us
		Faith in Rules and Individuals
		Core American Values: Democracy, Freedom, and Equality
	SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: HOW MUCH DO WE PAY IN TAXES?
	The Ideas That Divide Us
		The Economic Dimension
		The Social Order Dimension
		The Relationship Between the Two Ideological Dimensions
		Who Fits Where?
	The Citizens and American Political Beliefs
	LET’S REVISIT: WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . ?
	CLUES TO CRITICAL THINKING: “THE NEW COLOSSUS,” BY EMMA LAZARUS
	REVIEW
3 POLITICS OF THE AMERICAN FOUNDING
	WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . IN CHALLENGING THE LEGITIMACY OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT?
	Politics in the English Colonies
		Reasons for Leaving England
		DON’T BE FOOLED BY . . . YOUR TEXTBOOK
		Political Participation in the Colonies
	The Split From England
		British Attempts to Gain Control of the Colonies
		Changing Ideas About Politics
		Revolution
		The Declaration of Independence
		“. . . That All Men Are Created Equal”
	The Articles of Confederation
		The Provisions of the Articles
		Some Winners, Some Losers
	The Constitutional Convention
		“An Assembly of Demigods”
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: WHO WERE THE FOUNDERS?
		Large States, Small States
		North and South
	Ratification
		Federalists Versus Anti-Federalists
		THE BIG PICTURE: HOW WE GOT TO THE CONSTITUTION FROM THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
		The Federalist Papers
		The Final Vote
		PROFILES IN CITIZENSHIP: NEWT GINGRICH
	The Citizens and the Founding
		Competing Elites
		The Rise of the “Ordinary” Citizen
	LET’S REVISIT: WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . ?
	CLUES TO CRITICAL THINKING: THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, BY THOMAS JEFFERSON
	REVIEW
4 FEDERALISM AND THE U.S. CONSTITUTION
	WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . WHEN A STATE TAKES MARIJUANA LAWS INTO ITS OWN HANDS?
	The Three Branches of Government
		The Legislative Branch
		The Executive Branch
		The Judicial Branch
	Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances
		Republican Remedies
		THE BIG PICTURE: WHAT WAS ON MADISON’S MIND WHEN HE WROTE THE 51ST FEDERALIST PAPER
		What Does the Constitution Say?
		Possible Alternatives: Fusion of Powers?
		What the Constitution Doesn’t Say: Norms That Support Checks and Balances
	Federalism
		What Does the Constitution Say?
		Two Views of Federalism
		Possible Alternatives to Federalism
		What Difference Does Federalism Make?
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: HOW DO WE DIFFER FROM STATE TO STATE?
		The Changing Balance: American Federalism Over Time
		Federalism Today
		THE BIG PICTURE: HOW THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT INFLUENCES THE STATES
		DON’T BE FOOLED BY . . . POLITICAL RHETORIC
	Amending the Constitution
		What Does the Constitution Say?
		Possible Alternatives: Making the Constitution Easier or Harder to Amend
	The Citizens and the Constitution
	PROFILES IN CITIZENSHIP: SUSANA MARTINEZ
	LET’S REVISIT: WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . ?
	CLUES TO CRITICAL THINKING: FEDERALIST NO. 51, BY JAMES MADISON
	REVIEW
5 FUNDAMENTAL AMERICAN LIBERTIES
	WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . IN REGULATING THE INTERNET?
	Rights in a Democracy
		Rights and the Power of the People
		When Rights Conflict
		When Rights Conflict—The Case of National Security
		How Do We Resolve Conflicts About Rights?
	The Bill of Rights and Incorporation
		Why Is a Bill of Rights Valuable?
		Applying the Bill of Rights to the States
	Freedom of Religion
		Why Is Religious Freedom Valuable?
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: WHAT DO WE BELIEVE?
		The Establishment Clause: Separationists Versus Accommodationists
		The Free Exercise Clause: When Can States Regulate Religious Behavior?
	Freedom of Expression
		Why Is Freedom of Expression Valuable?
		Speech That Criticizes the Government
		Symbolic Speech
		Obscenity and Pornography
		Fighting Words and Offensive Speech
		PROFILES IN CITIZENSHIP: BILL MAHER
		Freedom of the Press
		Censorship on the Internet
		DON’T BE FOOLED BY . . . PARODY NEWS SITES
	The Right to Bear Arms
	SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: WHO OWNS THE GUNS?
		Why Is the Right to Bear Arms Valuable?
		Judicial Decisions
	The Rights of Criminal Defendants
		Why Are the Rights of Criminal Defendants Valuable?
		Protection Against Unreasonable Searches and Seizures
		Protection Against Self-Incrimination
		Right to Counsel
		Protection Against Cruel and Unusual Punishment
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: WHERE DO WE STAND ON CAPITAL PUNISHMENT?
	The Right to Privacy
		Why Is the Right to Privacy Valuable?
		Reproductive Rights
		Gay Rights
		The Right to Die
	The Citizens and Civil Liberties
	LET’S REVISIT: WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . ?
	CLUES TO CRITICAL THINKING: FEDERALIST NO. 84, BY ALEXANDER HAMILTON
	REVIEW
6 THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUAL RIGHTS
	WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . WHEN A RACIAL MAJORITY BECOMES A MINORITY?
	The Meaning of Political Inequality
		When Can the Law Treat People Differently?
		Why Do We Deny Rights?
		Different Kinds of Equality
	Rights Denied on the Basis of Race: African Americans
	THE BIG PICTURE: WHEN THE LAW CAN TREAT PEOPLE DIFFERENTLY
		Blacks in America Before the Civil War
		The Civil War and Its Aftermath: Winners and Losers
		The Long Battle to Overturn Plessy: The NAACP and Its Legal Strategy
		The Civil Rights Movement
		DON’T BE FOOLED BY . . . THE MOVIES
		Blacks in Contemporary American Politics
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: POVERTY, PROSPERITY, AND EDUCATION, BY RACE AND ETHNICITY
		PROFILES IN CITIZENSHIP: TAMMY DUCKWORTH
	Rights Denied on the Basis of Other Racial and Ethnic Identities
		Native Americans
		Hispanic Americans
		Asian Americans
	Rights Denied on the Basis of Gender
		Women’s Place in the Early Nineteenth Century
		The Birth of the Women’s Rights Movement
		The Struggle in the States
		Winners and Losers in the Suffrage Movement
		The Equal Rights Amendment
		Gender Discrimination Today
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: HOW EQUAL ARE WE, BY GENDER?
		Women in Contemporary Politics
	Rights Denied on Other Bases
		Sexual Orientation
		Age
		Disability
		Citizenship
	The Citizens and Civil Rights
	LET’S REVISIT: WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . ?
	CLUES TO CRITICAL THINKING: “AIN’T I A WOMAN?” BY SOJOURNER TRUTH
	REVIEW
7 CONGRESS
	WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . IN THE SENATE’S OBLIGATION TO GIVE ADVICE AND CONSENT TO THE PRESIDENT?
	Understanding Congress
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: HOW DO WE HATE CONGRESS? (LET US COUNT THE WAYS.)
		Representation
		DON’T BE FOOLED BY . . . YOUR ELECTED OFFICIALS
		National Lawmaking
		Partisanship
	Congressional Powers and Responsibilities
		Differences Between the House and the Senate
		Congressional Checks and Balances
	Congressional Elections
		The Politics of Defining Congressional Districts
		Deciding to Run
		Being a Representative
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: WHO REPRESENTS US IN CONGRESS?
	Congressional Organization
		The Central Role of Party
		PROFILES IN CITIZENSHIP: JON TESTER
		The Leadership
		The Committee System
		Congressional Resources
	How Congress Works
		The Context of Congressional Policymaking
		How a Bill Becomes a Law—Some of the Time
		THE BIG PICTURE: HOW OUR LAWS ARE MADE
	The Citizens and Congress
	LET’S REVISIT: WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . ?
	CLUES TO CRITICAL THINKING: JOHN MCCAIN’S SPEECH TO THE SENATE ON REGULAR ORDER, JULY 25, 2017
	REVIEW
8 THE PRESIDENCY
	WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . IN DONALD TRUMP’S PRESIDENCY?
	The Presidential Job Description
		Head of State Versus Head of Government
		Qualifications and Conditions of Office
		The Constitutional Power of the President
		THE BIG PICTURE: HOW PRESIDENTS TALK TO THE NATION
	The Evolution of the American Presidency
		The Traditional Presidency
		The Modern Presidency
		The Battle Over Executive Authority Today
	Presidential Politics
		The Expectations Gap and the Need for Persuasive Power
		Going Public
		Working With Congress
	Managing the Presidential Establishment
		The Cabinet
		Executive Office of the President
		White House Staff
		The Vice President
		PROFILES IN CITIZENSHIP: JOE BIDEN
		The First Spouse
	The Presidential Personality
		Classifying Presidential Character
		Presidential Style
		DON’T BE FOOLED BY . . . POLITICAL COMEDY
	The Citizens and the Presidency
	LET’S REVISIT: WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . ?
	CLUES TO CRITICAL THINKING: ABRAHAM LINCOLN, EXCERPT FROM SPEECH TO CONGRESS, SEPTEMBER 15, 1863
	REVIEW
9 THE BUREAUCRACY
	WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . IN ROLLING BACK REGULATIONS?
	What Is Bureaucracy?
		Why Is Bureaucracy Necessary?
		Bureaucracy and Democracy
		Accountability and Rules
		Consequences of a Rule-Based System
	The American Federal Bureaucracy
		The Spoils System
		Evolution of the Federal Bureaucracy
		Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy
		THE BIG PICTURE: HOW THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY GREW SO MUCH
		Roles of the Federal Bureaucracy
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: WHO ARE OUR FEDERAL BUREAUCRATS?
		Who Are the Federal Bureaucrats?
	Politics Inside the Bureaucracy
		Bureaucratic Culture
		Presidential Appointees and the Career Civil Service
		PROFILES IN CITIZENSHIP: JAIME SCHMIDT
	External Bureaucratic Politics
		Interagency Politics
		The Bureaucracy and the President
		The Bureaucracy and Congress
		The Bureaucracy and the Courts
	DON’T BE FOOLED BY . . . POLITICAL CARTOONS
	The Citizens and the Bureaucracy
	LET’S REVISIT: WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . ?
	CLUES TO CRITICAL THINKING: “WHY CORPORATE AMERICA LOVES DONALD TRUMP,” BY THE ECONOMIST
	REVIEW
10 THE AMERICAN LEGAL SYSTEM AND THE COURTS
	WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . WHEN THE SUPREME COURT GETS INVOLVED IN PARTISAN POLITICS?
	Law and the American Legal System
		The Role of Law in Democratic Societies
		The American Legal Tradition
		DON’T BE FOOLED BY . . . YOUR DAY IN COURT
		Kinds of Law
	Constitutional Provisions and the Development of Judicial Review
		The Least Dangerous Branch
		John Marshall and Judicial Review
	Federalism and the American Courts
		Understanding Jurisdiction
		State Courts
		Federal Courts
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: WHO HAS BEEN APPOINTED TO THE FEDERAL COURTS?
	The Supreme Court
		How Members of the Court Are Selected
		Choosing Which Cases to Hear
		THE BIG PICTURE: THE POLITICAL PATH TO THE SUPREME COURT
		PROFILES IN CITIZENSHIP: SANDRA DAY O’CONNOR
		Deciding Cases
		The Political Effects of Judicial Decisions
	The Citizens and the Courts
		Equal Treatment by the Criminal Justice System
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: HOW CONFIDENT ARE WE IN THE POLICE, BY RACE AND ETHNICITY?
		Equal Access to the Civil Justice System
	LET’S REVISIT: WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . ?
	CLUES TO CRITICAL THINKING: “WELCOME TO THE ROBERTS COURT: HOW THE CHIEF JUSTICE USED OBAMACARE TO REVEAL HIS TRUE IDENTITY,” BY JEFFREY ROSEN
	REVIEW
11 PUBLIC OPINION
	WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . WHEN WE MOVE TO MORE DIRECT DEMOCRACY?
	The Role of Public Opinion in a Democracy
		Why Public Opinion Should Matter
		Why Public Opinion Does Matter
	Citizen Values
		Political Knowledge and Interest
		Tolerance
		Participation
	What Influences Our Opinions About Politics?
		Mechanisms of Early Political Socialization: How We Learn the Shared Narratives About the Rules of the Game
		Differences in Public Opinion
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: WHAT DO WE THINK, BY RACE AND ETHNICITY?
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: WHAT DO WE THINK, BY GENDER (AND MARRIAGE)?
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: WHAT DO WE THINK, BY AGE?
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: WHAT DO WE THINK, BY EDUCATION AND INCOME?
	Measuring and Tracking Public Opinion
		Learning About Public Opinion Without Polls
		The Development of Modern Public Opinion Polls
		The Science of Opinion Polling Today
		THE BIG PICTURE: HOW WE KNOW WHAT THE PUBLIC REALLY THINKS
		New Technologies and Challenges in Polling
		Types of Polls
		PROFILES IN CITIZENSHIP: NATE SILVER
		How Accurate Are Polls?
	The Citizens and Public Opinion
	DON’T BE FOOLED BY . . . PUBLIC OPINION POLLS
	LET’S REVISIT: WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . ?
	CLUES TO CRITICAL THINKING: “DOES ‘TRIBALISM’ END IN A COMPROMISE OR A FIGHT?” BY LAILA LALAMI
	REVIEW
12 POLITICAL PARTIES
	WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . WHEN “OUTSIDERS” CHALLENGE ESTABLISHMENT PARTY CANDIDATES?
	Why Political Parties?
		The Role of Parties in a Democracy
		The Responsible Party Model
	Do American Parties Offer Voters a Choice?
		What Do the Parties Stand For?
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: WHO BELONGS TO WHAT PARTY?
		Forces Drawing the Parties Apart and Pushing Them Together
		DON’T BE FOOLED BY . . . POLITICAL PARTY PLATFORMS
	The History of Parties in America
		The Evolution of American Parties
		A Brief History of Party Eras
		The Parties Today
	What Do Parties Do?
		Electioneering
		THE BIG PICTURE: HOW THE AMERICAN POLITICAL PARTIES HAVE EVOLVED
		Governing
		PROFILES IN CITIZENSHIP: DAVID FRUM
	Characteristics of the American Party System
		Two Parties
		Increasing Ideological Polarization
		Decentralized Party Organizations
		Changes in Party Discipline Over Time
	The Citizens and Political Parties
	LET’S REVISIT: WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . ?
	CLUES TO CRITICAL THINKING: “THE TRUMP PRECEDENT: THE FUTURE OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN THREE MOVEMENTS,” BY BRUCE E. CAIN
	REVIEW
13 INTEREST GROUPS
	WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . WHEN BUSINESS GROUPS FACE OFF AGAINST PUBLIC INTEREST GROUPS?
	The Formation and Role of Interest Groups
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: HOW MANY OF US BELONG, AND TO WHAT?
		Why Do People Join Groups?
		Roles of Interest Groups
	Types of Interest Groups
		Economic Interest Groups
		Equal Opportunity Interest Groups
		Public Interest Groups
		PROFILES IN CITIZENSHIP: WAYNE PACELLE
		Government Interest Groups
	Interest Group Politics
		Direct Lobbying: Congress
		THE BIG PICTURE: CAMPAIGN SPENDING BEFORE AND AFTER CITIZENS UNITED
		Direct Lobbying: The President
		Direct Lobbying: The Bureaucracy
		Direct Lobbying: The Courts
		Indirect Lobbying: The Public
		DON’T BE FOOLED BY . . . THE DONATE BUTTON
		“Astroturf” Political Campaigns: Democratic or Elite Driven?
	Interest Group Resources
		Money
		Leadership
		Membership: Size and Intensity
		Information and Communication
	The Citizens and Interest Groups
	LET’S REVISIT: WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . ?
	CLUES TO CRITICAL THINKING: FEDERALIST NO. 10, BY JAMES MADISON
	REVIEW
14 VOTING, CAMPAIGNS, AND ELECTIONS
	WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . IN THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE?
	Voting in a Democratic Society
		The Founders’ Intentions
		The Functions of Elections
		What If We Don’t Vote?
	Exercising the Right to Vote in America
		Regulating the Electorate
		Who Votes and Who Doesn’t?
	How America Decides
		Deciding Whether to Vote
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: HOW DID WE VOTE IN THE 2016 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION?
		Deciding Whom to Vote For
	Presidential Campaigns
		Getting Nominated
		The Convention
		The General Election Campaign
		THE BIG PICTURE: HOW THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE WORKS, AND HOW IT MIGHT WORK
		PROFILES IN CITIZENSHIP: DAVID AXELROD
		DON’T BE FOOLED BY . . . VIRAL MEDIA
		Interpreting Elections
	The Citizens and Elections
		A Fourth Model?
		Do Elections Make a Difference?
	LET’S REVISIT: WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . ?
	CLUES TO CRITICAL THINKING: AL GORE’S CONCESSION SPEECH, DECEMBER 13, 2000
	REVIEW
15 MEDIA, POWER, AND POLITICAL COMMUNICATION
	WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . IN LIVING IN AN INFORMATION BUBBLE?
	Where Do We Get Our Information?
		The Mass Media Today
		The Demise of the Print Media
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: WHERE DO WE GET OUR NEWS?
		Radio and Television
		The Internet
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: WHO PARTICIPATES IN SOCIAL MEDIA?
		PROFILES IN CITIZENSHIP: ANDREW SULLIVAN
	How Does Media Ownership Affect Control of the Narrative?
		Who Owns the Media?
		DON’T BE FOOLED BY . . . CLICKBAIT
		How Does Media Ownership Impact the News We Get?
		THE BIG PICTURE: WHO OWNS (AND CONTROLS) TODAY’S INFORMATION NETWORKS?
		Alternatives to the Corporate Media
		Regulation of the Media
	Spinning Political Narratives
		The Fact Gatherers
		SNAPSHOT OF AMERICA: WHO ARE THE JOURNALISTS?
		The Analysts
		The Creation of Political Narratives
		The Power of the Mainstream Media’s Narrative
	Politics as Public Relations
		News Management
		News Management Techniques
		News Management Since Nixon
		Reduction in Political Accountability
	The Citizens and the Media
	LET’S REVISIT: WHAT’S AT STAKE . . . ?
	CLUES TO CRITICAL THINKING: “THE STRANGE, SAD DEATH OF JOURNALISM,” BY MICHAEL GERSON
	REVIEW
Appendix Material
Notes
Glossary
Index