Kazakhstan’s Developmental Journey: Entrenched Paradigms, Achievements, and the Challenge of Global Competitiveness

Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction: An Overview of Kazakhstan’s Developmental Journey Since 1991
	Kazakhstan: An Overview
		Brief History of the Nation
		Public Administration
		Economic Development
		Strategic Direction
	The Collection
		The Book’s Structure
		The Book’s Readership
	References
Part I The Role of Key Sectors in Transforming the Nation
2 Kazakhstan’s Economy and the Oil Sector: A Developmental State or Resource Curse Model?
	Introduction
	Developmental State Model and the Southeast Asian Experience
	A Brief History of Oil Sector Development
	Foreign Investment in the Oil Sector
	Dependence on Oil Revenues
	Social Pressures for Nationalisation
	Changes in the Oil Sector Regulation
	Is the Oil Sector Governance Effective in Pursuing Kazakhstan’s Development Goals?
	Conclusion
	References
3 Evolution of Agricultural Policy in Kazakhstan
	Introduction: The Country’s Historical Path
	Early Years of Independence: Disruption of Economic Ties and a Significant Decrease in Agricultural Output
		Early Stages of Land Reform
		Farm Restructuring
		Reform of Agricultural Finance and Support Systems
	Turn of the Century: Agricultural Revival
		Continuation of Land Reform
		Development of the Agricultural Sector as Part of Economic Restructuring
			Market Price Interventions
			Per Ton (Output) Payments
			Per-Hectare Payments
			Fertiliser and Chemical Subsidies
			Subsidised Lending
			Subsidised Leasing of Machinery
			Tax Benefits
			Infrastructure Financing
			Research and Development
			General Services
			New Institutions
		Trade Policy Instruments and Agreements
			Import Tariffs
			Temporary Export Bans
			Export Subsidies
			Regional Trade Agreements
		Agricultural Risk Management Policies
		Attempts to Mainstream Sustainability and Environmental Aspects in Agricultural Policy
	Current Times: Is Kazakhstan Heading Towards Sustainability?
		Continued Focus on Agricultural Development
			Changes in Tax Regimes
			Changes in the Lending System
		Agricultural Debt Restructuring
		The Eurasian Economic Union and the WTO Accession
		Sustainability and Climate Change Adaptation Trends in Kazakhstan’s Agricultural Policy
	The Way Forward: Addressing Emerging Issues
		Improve Policy Formulation, Transparency, Enforcement, and Implementation
		Shift the Policymaking Approach to Ensure Stakeholder Involvement in the Decision-Making Process
		Improve Land Tenure
		Strengthen Institutions
		Improve Financing and Prevent Indebtedness
		Continue Improvements in Physical Infrastructure
		Support Smallholder Farmers
		Develop an Efficient System of Rural Advisory Services
		Improve Risk Management Options for Farmers
		Create Incentives for Sustainable Practice in Agriculture
	Conclusion
	References
4 The Role of the Educational Community in Developing Kazakhstan’s Higher Education Sector: Autonomy, Self-Organisation, and Capacity to Influence Policy
	Introduction
	Education Sector: Kazakhstan’s Context
	Civic Engagement in Kazakhstan’s Education Sector
	Evolution of Higher Education in Kazakhstan
		Internationalisation
		Research and Development
		Governance and Quality Assurance
		Other Regulations
	The Emergence of Faculty Associations
		Case 1: The Kazakhstan Association of Teachers of English (KazTEA)
		Case 2: The Kazakhstan Association of Young Researchers and Faculty (KAYRF)
		Case 3: The Young Researchers Alliance (YRA)
	The Influence of Faculty Associations in Higher Education Policy
	Conclusion
	References
Part II New Paradigms for Kazakhstan’s Market Economy
5 Public Service Provision in Kazakhstan: Challenges to Procedural Fairness
	Introduction
	Public Service Reform
	Public Service Provision: Consumers Versus Citizens
		Outsourcing Public Services
		Automated Decisions
		Difference in Complaints (Appeals)
	Administrative Procedures in Kazakhstan
		Administrative Complaints: Results
		The Law on Administrative Procedures: The Critical Legal Framework
		The Relationship Between Administrative Procedures and Public Services
		Missing Procedural Oversight
		Principles Underpinning Administrative Procedures
	Significant Changes, with More Needed
	Conclusion
	References
6 Public–Private Partnerships in Kazakhstan: Evolution of the Government Policy and Reality of PPP Deployment
	Introduction
	Stage One—PPP Legal Framework for Foreign Investors Only (1991–1993)
		What Was Done
		Policy Goals at This Stage
		Assessment
		Implications for Further Policy Development
	Stage Two—Lack of PPP-Specific Legal Framework and “Pilot” Projects (1994–2005)
		What Was Done
		Policy Goals at This Stage
		Assessment
		Implications for Further Policy Development
	Stage Three—the Formation of Legal and Institutional Frameworks (2006–2015)
		What Was Done
		Policy Goals at This Stage
		Assessment
		Implications for Further Policy Development
	Stage Four—Active PPP Deployment: The Focus Being on Quantity (2016–2018)
		What Was Done
		Policy Goals at This Stage
		Assessment
		Implications for Further Policy Development
	Stage 5—Adjustments to the PPP Framework: Stricter Requirements (2019–Present)
		What Was Done
		Policy Goals at This Stage
		Assessment
		Implications for Further Policy Development
	Conclusion
	References
7 Water–Energy–Food Nexus Thinking in Kazakhstan: Choice or Necessity?
	Introduction
	The Need to Embed a Nexus Conceptualisation in Policymaking
	Three Sectors: Current Conditions
		Water Sector
		Energy Sector
		Food Sector
	Intersectoral Usage of Nexus Resources
		Water-Related Energy Usage
		Energy-Related Water Usage
		Water Footprint for Biofuels
		Water and Energy Use in Agriculture
		Regional Problems in Utilisation of the Nexus Resources
		External Factors Affecting the WEF Nexus
	Policy Response to the WEF Sectors’ Challenges
	Governance of the WEF Nexus: What Are the Issues?
	Conclusion: Towards the WEF Nexus Governance
	References
8 Monotowns of Kazakhstan: Development Challenges and Opportunities
	Introduction
	The Transition of Monotowns from the Soviet Legacy to a Market Economy
	Development Problems of Monotowns
	The Impact of Monotown Policies
		From Industrial Policy to Monotown Policy: Delegation of Planning to Town Authorities
		Monotowns in Regional Development Policy: Success and Failure of Industry-Biased Investment
		Local Implementation Challenges: Lack of Public–Private Dialogue
		Path Dependence Symptoms: Subsidised Development Constrained by Centralised Decision-Making
	Lessons Learned and Ways to Proceed
		Planning Aligned with Local Development Needs
		Strengthening the Capabilities of Town Authorities to Mobilise Locational Advantages
		Better Access to Local Resources and Funding for Responsible Urban Governance
		Innovative Arrangements for Retaining Young Talent in Monotowns
		A National Association of Monotowns
	Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
Part III Conclusion
9 Insights into Embedded Policy Paradigms and Kazakhstan’s Future Trajectory
	Introduction
	Sustainability as an Overarching Theme
	Theme 1: Ensure Economic Restructuring
	Theme 2: Ensure Participatory Governance
	Theme 3: Ensure Intersectoral Thinking, Rather Than Departmentalisation
	Theme 4: Ensure Policy Integration, Rather Than Fragmentation
	References
Index