Karstology in the Classical Karst (Advances in Karst Science)

Preface
Contents
Contributors
1 Structural–Geological Mapping of Karst Areas
	1.1 Case Studies
		1.1.1 Longitudinal Geological Cross-Section Snežnik Mountain–Planina Cave
		1.1.2 Detailed Structural–Geological Mapping of the Postojna Cave Area
		1.1.3 Folding Deformations and Caves
	1.2 Conclusion
	References
2 Late Cretaceous and Paleogene Paleokarsts of the Northern Sector of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform
	2.1 Geological Setting
	2.2 Lower Cretaceous Paleokarst
	2.3 Cenomanian to Late Coniacian/Early Santonian Paleokarst
		2.3.1 Paleokarstic Features
		2.3.2 Paleokarst Stratigraphy
		2.3.3 Discussion
			2.3.3.1 Depositional Evolution of the Northern Sector of the AdCP Between the Coniacian and Maastrichtian (or Between the Described Major Paleokarstic Periods)
	2.4 Late Cretaceous to Paleogene Paleokarst (a Stratigraphy and Evolution of the Forebulge Related Paleokarst)
		2.4.1 Paleokarstic Features
		2.4.2 Diagenesis of the Footwall of the Paleokarstic Surface
		2.4.3 Stratigraphy of the Paleokarst
		2.4.4 Discussion
			2.4.4.1 Evolution of the Phreatic Caves
			2.4.4.2 Geotectonics
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
3 Lithomorphogenesis of Karst Surface
	3.1 Formation of Karst Surface―Karren Worldwide
		3.1.1 Denudation and Transformation of Subsoil Karren
			3.1.1.1 Significant Subsoil Rock Forms
			3.1.1.2 Karren of Mushroom Mountain (Junzi Shan) in the Eastern Yunnan Ridge, a Karstological and Tourist Attraction (Yunnan, China)
			3.1.1.3 Striped Karren on Snake Mountain Above Kunming (Yunnan, China)
		3.1.2 Karren Development in Mediterranean Environment
			3.1.2.1 Karren Above Custonaci (Sicily, Italy)
		3.1.3 Influence of the Rock on Formation of Karren in Various Environments
			3.1.3.1 Karren of the Kamenjak Hum (Dalmatian Karst, Croatia)
			3.1.3.2 Subcutaneous Stone Forest on Breccia (Trebnje, Central Slovenia)
			3.1.3.3 Karren on Laminar Calcarenitic Rock of Lagoa Santa (Minas Gerais, Brazil)
			3.1.3.4 Selected Karst Karren on Marbles with Characteristic Rock Relief and Scaly Splitting of the Rock (Altai Republic, Russian Federation)
		3.1.4 Mountain Karren in Tibet
			3.1.4.1 Mountain Karren in Northwestern Yunnan, China
		3.1.5 Karren Under Tropical Vegetation
			3.1.5.1 Felo Pérez Mogote (Viñales, Pinar Del Rio, Cuba)
		3.1.6 Karren in an Arid Area
			3.1.6.1 Karst in Ras al-Khaimah (Northern United Arab Emirates)
		3.1.7 Sea Karren
			3.1.7.1 Lithology, Rock Relief and Karstification of Minamidaito Island (Japan)
	3.2 Shilin Stone Forests (Yunnan, China), a UNESCO World Heritage Site
		3.2.1 Different Types of Karst in Yunnan Province
		3.2.2 Development and Shaping of Karst Karren and History of Shilin Stone Forests Research
		3.2.3 Lithological and Morphological Characteristics of Shilin Stone Forests
			3.2.3.1 Lithology and Its Impact on a Shape of Stone Pillars
			3.2.3.2 Rock Composition and Its Impact on a Shape of Stone Pillars
			3.2.3.3 Fissuring of the Rock and Its Impact on a Shape of a Stone Forest and Size of Stone Pillars
			3.2.3.4 Stratification of Rock and Its Impact on a Shape of Stone Pillars
			3.2.3.5 Rock Texture and Its Impact on a Shape of Stone Pillars
			3.2.3.6 Subsoil Processes and Their Impact on a Shape of Stone Forests, Rainwater Sharpening of Rock and Rock Relief
		3.2.4 Selected Examples of Stone Forests
			3.2.4.1 Major Stone Forest
			3.2.4.2 Naigu Stone Forest
			3.2.4.3 Lao Hei Gin Stone Forest
			3.2.4.4 Pu Chao Chun Stone Forest
			3.2.4.5 Shui Jing Po Stone Forest
			3.2.4.6 Subsoil Stone Forest Revealed During Earthworks for New Kunming Airport
		3.2.5 Stone Forests and Their Development
	3.3 Rock Relief of Karst Features Simulation with Plaster of Paris Modelling
		3.3.1 Previous Experiments Described in the Literature
		3.3.2 Subsoil Rock Relief
		3.3.3 Rock Relief Carved by Rain
		3.3.4 Rock Relief in the Plaster Tube
		3.3.5 Dissolution and Formation of Relief Along a Bedding Plane of Plaster and Siporex Layers
	3.4 Development Model of Rock Relief Formation on Thick Horizontal and Gently Sloping Beds of Rock Exposed to Rain
		3.4.1 Development Model
	References
4 Significant Findings from Karst Sediments Research
	4.1 Karst Sediments Research in Slovenia
		4.1.1 Surface Clastic Sediments and Red Soil
		4.1.2 Cave Clastic Sediments
			4.1.2.1 Cave Sediment Facies
			4.1.2.2 Infiltrated Sediments
			4.1.2.3 Allogenic Sediments
			4.1.2.4 Accumulations of Fine Carbonate Clasts
			4.1.2.5 Tectonic Clays
			4.1.2.6 Colour, Mineral Composition and Origin
		4.1.3 Important Palaeontological Findings
		4.1.4 Age of Cave Sediments
	References
5 Measurements of Present-Day Limestone Dissolution and Calcite Precipitation Rates with Limestone Tablets in Stream Caves (with the Case Study of Škocjanske Jame)
	5.1 Standard Limestone Tablets, Preparation, Mounting, Weighing, Precision and Accuracy
	5.2 Case Study of the Reka River and Škocjanske Jame
		5.2.1 Results of the Limestone Tablet Measurements
		5.2.2 Comparison of Rates Measured by Limestone Tablets with the Reka River Carbonate Hydrochemistry
		5.2.3 Comparison of Cave Micromorphology with Rates Measured by Limestone Tablets
	5.3 Conclusion
	References
6 Water Quality Monitoring in Karst
	6.1 Characteristics of the Solute Transport Processes in a Karst Vadose Zone
		6.1.1 The Influence of Hydrological Conditions, Injection Mode and Geologic Heterogeneities
		6.1.2 The Influence of the Vadose Zone Thickness
	6.2 Guidelines for Water Quality Monitoring in Karst
		6.2.1 Regular Water Quality Monitoring in Karst
		6.2.2 Monitoring in the Case of Pollution Accidents
		6.2.3 Location of Monitoring Points
	6.3 Conclusion
	References
7 Planning Contamination Emergency Response Measures for Karst Water Sources
	7.1 Hydrogeological Characteristics of the Trnovo–Banjšice Plateau
	7.2 Basic Considerations for Planning Contamination Emergency Response Measures
	7.3 Past and Recent Research in the Selected Study Area
		7.3.1 Tracer Test
		7.3.2 Vulnerability Mapping
		7.3.3 Isochrones Mapping
	7.4 Results of Recent Studies
		7.4.1 Tracer Test
		7.4.2 Vulnerability Mapping
		7.4.3 Isochrone Map
	7.5 Planning Contamination Emergency Response Measures for the Trnovo–Banjšice Plateau Area
	References
8 Deciphering Epiphreatic Conduit Geometry from Head and Flow Data
	8.1 Theoretical Background
		8.1.1 Flow Regimes in the Epiphreatic Zone
			8.1.1.1 Saint-Venant Equation of Open Channel Flow
			8.1.1.2 Steady-State Equations for Open Channel and Pressurized Flow
	8.2 Modelling Flow in the Epiphreatic Zone
		8.2.1 EPA Storm Water Management Model
		8.2.2 Modelling Overflows in the Epiphreatic Zone
			8.2.2.1 A Single Overflow
			8.2.2.2 A Series of Overflows
			8.2.2.3 Three Overflows
	8.3 Field Cases
		8.3.1 The Aquifer of the Kras Plateau: Škocjan Caves and Kačna Cave
			8.3.1.1 General Overview of the Area
			8.3.1.2 The Upper Reka–Timavo System: Škocjan Caves and Kačna Cave
			8.3.1.3 Flood Response
			8.3.1.4 SWMM Model of the Hydraulic Response to High Recharge Event
			8.3.1.5 Flood Event in February 2019
		8.3.2 Ljubljanica River Recharge Area
	8.4 Conclusion
	References
9 Microbial Underground: Microorganisms and Their Habitats in Škocjanske Jame
	9.1 A Short Overview of Škocjan Caves
	9.2 Airborne Cave Microorganisms
	9.3 Microorganisms and the Water Cycle
		9.3.1 Reka River
		9.3.2 Water Condensates and Seepages
	9.4 Associations of Microorganisms with Surfaces and Sediments
		9.4.1 Microbial Mats
		9.4.2 Phototrophic Aerophytic Habitats
		9.4.3 Cave Sediments
		9.4.4 Microorganisms Change Cave Morphology
	9.5 Microorganisms and Animals
	9.6 Microorganisms and Human Impact
		9.6.1 Air
		9.6.2 Contact Surfaces
		9.6.3 Light Eutrophication and Lampenflora
	9.7 Conclusion
	References
10 Changing Perspectives on Subterranean Habitats
	10.1 Historical Background
	10.2 Shallow Subterranean Habitats
		10.2.1 Aquatic Habitats
			10.2.1.1 Hypotelminorheic
			10.2.1.2 Epikarst
			10.2.1.3 Hyporheic
			10.2.1.4 Calcrete Aquifers
			10.2.1.5 Other Aquatic SSHs
		10.2.2 Terrestrial Habitats
			10.2.2.1 Epikarst
			10.2.2.2 MSS
			10.2.2.3 Soil
			10.2.2.4 Lava Tubes
			10.2.2.5 Iron-Ore Caves
	10.3 Deep Subterranean Habitats
		10.3.1 Caves
		10.3.2 Deep Aquifers
	10.4 Comparison Between Various SSHs
		10.4.1 What Unites SSHs?
		10.4.2 What Divides SSHs?
	10.5 Conclusion
	References
11 Research Infrastructures and Karst Science
	11.1 “Plan S” for Open Science
	11.2 The Global and European Environmental Context—A Last Call to Assess Damage
	11.3 Current Issues in Karst Research Data Management
	11.4 How to Safeguard Data in Karst Science?
	11.5 Benefits of the Research Infrastructures in Karst Science
	References
12 A Historical Overview of Development of Škocjanske Jame
	12.1 The Caves Themselves and Their Big Dolines
	12.2 The Caves’ History Before 1920
	12.3 The Caves’ History Between the First and the Second World War
		12.3.1 Development as a Tourist Cave in the 1920s
		12.3.2 Further Development of Škocjanske Jame, in the 1930s
	12.4 Škocjanske Jame After 1945
	References