Karst of East Herzegovina and Dubrovnik Littoral

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Author
1: Natural Characteristics
	1.1 Geographical Position
	1.2 History of Studies
	1.3 Basic Climatological Data
		1.3.1 Precipitation
		1.3.2 Air Temperatures
		1.3.3 Relative Humidity and Evaporation
		1.3.4 Hydrological Characteristics
	1.4 Geological Characteristics
		1.4.1 Lithostratigraphic Characteristics
		1.4.2 Regional Forms of Tectonic Composition
		1.4.3 Seismicity
		1.4.4 Hydrogeological Aspects of Neotectonic Activities
		1.4.5 General Hydrogeological Characteristics
	1.5 Geomorphological Characteristics
		1.5.1 Dry Valleys
		1.5.2 Karst Plain
		1.5.3 Sinkholes
		1.5.4 More Significant Mountains
	1.6 Karst Poljes
		1.6.1 Popovo Polje
		1.6.2 Trebinjsko Polje
		1.6.3 Mokro and Petrovo (Dzivarsko) Polje
		1.6.4 Bilećko Polje
		1.6.5 Ljubomirsko Polje
		1.6.6 Ljubinjsko Polje
		1.6.7 Fatničko Polje
		1.6.8 Dabarsko Polje
		1.6.9 Cerničko Polje
		1.6.10 Gatačko Polje
		1.6.11 Nevesinjsko Polje
		1.6.12 Lukavačko Polje
		1.6.13 Slato Polje
		1.6.14 Trusinsko Polje
		1.6.15 Konavosko Polje (Konavli)
		1.6.16 Gradac Polje
	1.7 Hutovo Blato
	References
2: Catchments, Surface Flows, Springs
	2.1 Water Catchments and River Flows of East Herzegovina
		2.1.1 General Characteristics
		2.1.2 Regional Trebisnjica Water Catchment
		2.1.3 Catchment Area of Trebisnjica Springs
		2.1.4 Musnica River with Gračanica Tributary
		2.1.5 Trebisnjica Springs: General Data
		2.1.6 Reconstruction of Trebisnjica Karst Aquifer Evolution Process
		2.1.7 Hydrogeological Characteristics of Trebisnjica Spring Aquifer
		2.1.8 Catchment Areas Between Trebisnjica Spring Zones and Grančarevo
		2.1.9 Sub-catchments and Springs Between Grančarevo and Gorica
		2.1.10 Catchment Areas of Trebinjsko, Popovo and Mokro Polje
		2.1.11 Characteristics of Trebisnjica River Through the Popovo Polje
		2.1.12 Zalomka River Catchment Area
		2.1.13 Catchment Area of Northern Part of Nevesinjsko Polje
		2.1.14 Catchment Area Between Nevesinjsko Polje and Buna-Bunica Springs
		2.1.15 Characteristics of Zalomka River
		2.1.16 Investigations Along the Zalomka River
		2.1.17 Drezanjka Creek and Zovidolka River
		2.1.18 Zovidolka Spring: Jama
		2.1.19 Jedres and Jezdus Springs
		2.1.20 Bregava River
		2.1.21 Krupa River
	2.2 Springs of Dubrovnik Littoral and Neretva Valley
		2.2.1 Springs Along the Adriatic Coast
		2.2.2 Ombla: Komolac (Source of Dubrovnik River)
		2.2.3 Palace Spring: Mali Zaton
		2.2.4 Zavrelje Zavrelje Spring: Mlini
		2.2.5 Duboka Ljuta: Robinson Spring
		2.2.6 Konavoska Ljuta
		2.2.7 The Other Springs of Dubrovnik Littoral
	2.3 Springs Along the East Rim of Neretva Valley
		2.3.1 Springs Between Kuti and Dračevo
		2.3.2 Springs of Hutovo Blato
		2.3.3 Buna and Bunica Springs
	2.4 Characteristics of Large Ponors and Ponor Zones
	References
3: Underground Morphology and Fauna
	3.1 Speleology Facilities
		3.1.1 Short History of Investigations
		3.1.2 Miruse Area (Bileća Reservoir)
		3.1.3 Area Trebinje, Zupci and Bijela Gora
		3.1.4 Speleological Facilities in Popovo Polje
			Ponors Downstream from Velja Meda
		3.1.5 Caves Between Popovo Polje and Dubrovnik Littoral
		3.1.6 Speleological Facilities in Fatničko and Dabarsko poljes
		3.1.7 Speleological Facilities in the Area of Bileća, Korita and Cerničko Polje
		3.1.8 Speleological Facilities in the Gatačko Polje Area
		3.1.9 Speleological Facilities Nevesinjsko Polje
		3.1.10 Polje Gradac-Gradnica Shaft
	3.2 Caves-Archaeologic Allocations
	3.3 Caves and Shafts for Water Supply
	3.4 Fauna
	References
4: Water Resources Projects
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Multipurpose Hydrosystem Trebisnjica (HET): Conception
	4.3 Reorganization the River Networks in Gatačko Polje
	4.4 Dams and Reservoirs
		4.4.1 Dam Klinje
		4.4.2 Vrba Dam
		4.4.3 Gorica Dam and Reservoir
		4.4.4 Grančarevo Dam and Bileća Reservoir
			Grančarevo Dam
			Bileća Reservoir
		4.4.5 Upper Regulatory Pool Hutovo (Hutovo Reservoir)
		4.4.6 Lower Regulation Pool Svitava
		4.4.7 Dam and Alagovac Reservoir
		4.4.8 Bukov Creek: Potential Reservoir
	4.5 Tunnels
		4.5.1 Tunnel for Konavosko Polje Drainage
		4.5.2 Access Tunnel for HPP Dubrovnik and Tail Race Tunnel II
		4.5.3 Gorica - Plat Tunnel (Head Race Tunnel for HPP Dubrovnik)
		4.5.4 Fatnica - Bileća Tunnel
		4.5.5 Dabar - Fatnica Tunnel
		4.5.6 Tunnel for RPP Čapljina
		4.5.7 Tail Race Tunnel of RPP Čapljina
		4.5.8 Burst of Underground Water during Excavation of Power Plant Hall of RPP Čapljina
		4.5.9 Investigation Adit for HPP Dabar
		4.5.10 Lazarići Tunnel
		4.5.11 Head Race Tunnel for HPP Dabar
	4.6 Remediation of Trebisnjica Riverbed
	4.7 Drainage of Mokro and Petrovo Polje
	4.8 Plugging Karst Springs
		4.8.1 Plugging of Obod Spring in Fatničko Polje
		4.8.2 Plugging of Jedres Spring in Nevesinjsko Polje
	4.9 Underground Dam and Ombla Reservoir
		4.9.1 Development of an Idea
		4.9.2 Conception of Underground Dam and Reservoir
	4.10 Tapped Springs, Local Water Supply Systems and Irrigation
		4.10.1 Oko Spring (Eye Spring): Water Supply for Trebinje
		4.10.2 Vratlo Spring (Gračanica River): Gacko Water Supply
		4.10.3 Water Intake for Ljubinje
		4.10.4 Tappng Structure Palata Mali Zaton
	4.11 Tapping Structures and Water Supply Structures as Part of HET Activity
		4.11.1 Vrijeka Spring
		4.11.2 Jama: Udbine Spring
		4.11.3 Irrigation of Trebinjsko and Mokro Polje and Zupci Plateau
		4.11.4 Irrigation of Ljubomirsko Polje
		4.11.5 Water Intakes along the Trebisnjica Canal
	References
5: Influence and Consequences of Water Resources Projects
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Submerging of Living Space, Agricultural Land, Archaeological Sites and Infrastructure
	5.3 Reservoirs and Permanent Surface Flows
	5.4 Increasing the Minimum Flow through the Town of Stolac
	5.5 Natural and Induced Collapses
	5.6 Consequences of Water Regime Change
		5.6.1 Impoverishment of Karst Aquifers
		5.6.2 Influence on Downstream Springs and Submarine Springs
		5.6.3 Consequences of Trebisnjica Spring Submergence
		5.6.4 Characteristic Floods of Bilećko and Popov Poljes after 1968
		5.6.5 The Role of the Hydrosystem on Flood Mitigation
		5.6.6 Estimation of Consequences of Partial Water Transfer from Catchments of Buna, Bunica and Bregava into Trebisnjica Catchm...
	5.7 Endemic Species Survival
	5.8 Induced Seismicity
	5.9 Eolian Erosion
	5.10 Importance of Water Potential of Southeast Dinarides
	References
6: Chemistry and Water Quality
	6.1 Water Quality
		6.1.1 History of Water Protection and Quality Control
		6.1.2 Results of Water Quality Analysis
		6.1.3 Turbidity
		6.1.4 Self-Purification Capabilities of Karst Underground Flows
	6.2 Water Protection
	References