Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology

Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology......Page 3
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 13
Acknowledgements......Page 15
1.1 Definitions......Page 17
1.2 The Relationships of Karst with General Geomorphology and Hydrogeology......Page 20
1.3 The Global Distribution of Karst......Page 21
1.4 The Growth of Ideas......Page 22
1.6 Karst Terminology......Page 24
2.1 Carbonate Rocks and Minerals......Page 25
2.2 Limestone Compositions and Depositional Facies......Page 28
2.3 Limestone Diagenesis and the Formation of Dolomite......Page 34
2.4 The Evaporite Rocks......Page 40
2.5 Quartzites and Siliceous Sandstones......Page 43
2.6 Effects of Lithological Properties upon Karst Development......Page 44
2.8 Bedding Planes, Joints, Faults and Fracture Traces......Page 47
2.9 Fold Topography......Page 51
2.10 Palaeokarst Unconformities......Page 52
3.1 Introduction......Page 55
3.2 Aqueous Solutions and Chemical Equilibria......Page 57
3.3 The Dissolution of Anhydrite, Gypsum and Salt......Page 60
3.5 Bicarbonate Equilibria and the Dissolution of Carbonate Rocks in Normal Meteoric Waters......Page 61
3.6 The S–O–H System and the Dissolution of Carbonate Rocks......Page 69
3.7 Chemical Complications in Carbonate Dissolution......Page 73
3.8 Biokarst Processes......Page 77
3.9 Measurements in the Field and Laboratory: Computer Programs......Page 78
3.10 Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics of Karst Rocks......Page 81
4.1 Global Variations in the Solutional Denudation of Carbonate Terrains......Page 93
4.2 Measurement and Calculation of Solutional Denudation Rates......Page 98
4.3 Solution Rates in Gypsum, Salt and Other Non-Carbonate Rocks......Page 106
4.4 Interpretation of Measurements......Page 108
5.1 Basic Hydrogeological Concepts, Terms and Definitions......Page 119
5.2 Controls on the Development of Karst Hydrological Systems......Page 132
5.3 Energy Supply and Flow-Network Development......Page 140
5.4 Development of the Water Table and Phreatic Zones......Page 145
5.5 Development of the Vadose Zone......Page 148
5.6 Classification and Characteristics of Karst Aquifers......Page 150
5.7 Applicability of Darcy’s Law to Karst......Page 152
5.8 Freshwater–Saltwater Interface......Page 156
6.1 The ‘Grey Box’ Nature of Karst......Page 161
6.2 Surface Exploration and Survey Techniques......Page 162
6.3 Investigating Recharge and Percolation in the Vadose Zone......Page 169
6.4 Borehole Analysis......Page 179
6.5 Spring Hydrograph Analysis......Page 189
6.6 Polje Hydrograph Analysis......Page 197
6.7 Spring Chemograph Interpretation......Page 198
6.8 Storage Volumes and Flow Routing Under Different States of the Hydrograph......Page 203
6.9 Interpreting the Organization of a Karst Aquifer......Page 205
6.10 Water-Tracing Techniques......Page 207
6.11 Computer Modelling of Karst Aquifers......Page 219
7.1 Classifying Cave Systems......Page 225
7.2 Building the Plan Patterns of Unconfined Caves......Page 230
7.3 Unconfined Cave Development in Length and Depth......Page 238
7.4 System Modifications Occurring within a Single Phase......Page 247
7.5 Multiphase Cave Systems......Page 249
7.6 Meteoric Water Caves Developed Where There is Confined Circulation or Basal Injection of Water......Page 252
7.7 Hypogene Caves: Hydrothermal Caves Associated Chiefly with CO2......Page 256
7.8 Hypogene Caves: Caves Formed by Waters Containing H2S......Page 259
7.9 Sea-Coast Eogenetic Caves......Page 262
7.10 Passage Cross-Sections and Smaller Features of Erosional Morphology......Page 265
7.11 Condensation, Condensation Corrosion and Weathering in Caves......Page 277
7.12 Breakdown in Caves......Page 281
8.2 Clastic Sediments......Page 287
8.3 Calcite, Aragonite and Other Carbonate Precipitates......Page 297
8.4 Other Cave Minerals......Page 308
8.5 Ice in Caves......Page 310
8.6 Dating of Calcite Speleothems and Other Cave Deposits......Page 314
8.7 Palaeoenvironmental Analysis of Calcite Speleothems......Page 322
8.8 Mass Flux Through a Cave System: The Example of Friar’s Hole, West Virginia......Page 336
9.2 Small-Scale Solution Sculpture – Microkarren and Karren......Page 337
9.3 Dolines – The ‘Diagnostic’ Karst Landform?......Page 355
9.4 The Origin and Development of Solution Dolines......Page 358
9.5 The Origin of Collapse and Subsidence Depressions......Page 362
9.6 Polygonal Karst......Page 367
9.7 Morphometric Analysis of Solution Dolines......Page 369
9.8 Landforms Associated with Allogenic Inputs: Contact Karst......Page 374
9.9 Karst Poljes......Page 377
9.10 Corrosional Plains and Shifts in Baselevel......Page 381
9.11 Residual Hills on Karst Plains......Page 386
9.12 Depositional and Constructional Karst Features......Page 393
9.13 Special Features of Evaporite Terrains......Page 397
9.14 Karstic Features of Quartzose and Other Rocks......Page 404
9.15 Sequences of Carbonate Karst Evolution in Humid Terrains......Page 407
9.16 Computer Models of Karst Landscape Evolution......Page 411
10.1 The Precepts of Climatic Geomorphology......Page 417
10.2 The Hot Arid Extreme......Page 418
10.3 The Cold Extreme: Karst Development in Glaciated Terrains......Page 426
10.4 The Cold Extreme: Karst Development in Permafrozen Terrains......Page 437
10.5 Sea-Level Changes, Tectonic Movement and Implications for Coastal Karst Development......Page 443
10.6 Polycyclic, Polygenetic and Exhumed Karsts......Page 450
11.1 Water Resources and Sustainable Yields......Page 457
11.2 Determination of Available Water Resources......Page 458
11.3 Karst Hydrogeological Mapping......Page 461
11.4 Human Impacts on Karst Water......Page 465
11.5 Groundwater Vulnerability, Protection and Risk Mapping......Page 476
11.6 Dam Building, Leakages, Failures and Impacts......Page 480
12.1 The Inherent Vulnerability of Karst Systems......Page 487
12.2 Deforestation, Agricultural Impacts and Rocky Desertification......Page 489
12.3 Sinkholes, Induced by Dewatering, Surcharging, Solution Mining and other Practices on Karst......Page 494
12.4 Problems of Construction on and in the Karst Rocks – Expect the Unexpected!......Page 501
12.5 Industrial Exploitation of Karst Rocks and Minerals......Page 505
12.6 Restoration of Karstlands and Rehabilitation of Limestone Quarries......Page 510
12.7 Sustainable Management of Karst......Page 515
12.8 Scientific, Cultural and Recreational Values of Karstlands......Page 518
References......Page 521
Index......Page 570