Kanski's Synopsis of Clinical Ophthalmology

Cover
IBC
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Dedication
1
 Examination of the Eye
	Ophthalmic history
	Common ocular symptoms
	Visual acuity
		Snellen visual acuity
		LogMAR visual acuity
	Contrast sensitivity
	Amsler grid
	Colour vision
		Ishihara
		Farnsworth–Munsell 100-hue test
	Visual field
		Analysis of visual fields
	Microperimetry
		External examination
	Slit lamp biomicroscopy of the anterior segment
		Direct ophthalmoscopy
		Indirect ophthalmoscopy
	Tonometry
	Central corneal thickness
	Gonioscopy
	Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
	OCT angiography
	Fundus angiography
		Fluorescein angiography (FA)
		Indocyanine green angiography (ICG)
2
 Eyelids
	Benign Nodules and Cysts
		Chalazion (meibomian cyst)
		Miscellaneous
	Benign Tumours
		Squamous cell papilloma
		Basal cell papilloma (seborrhoeic keratosis)
		Actinic (solar, senile) keratosis
		Congenital melanocytic naevus
		Acquired melanocytic naevus
		Capillary haemangioma (strawberry naevus)
		Port-wine stain (naevus flammeus)
		Xanthelasma
		Neurofibroma
	Malignant Tumours
		Rare predisposing conditions
		Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
		Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
		Keratoacanthoma
		Sebaceous gland carcinoma
		Malignant melanoma
		Principles of surgical treatment
	Disorders of Eyelashes
		Trichiasis
		Congenital distichiasis
		Acquired distichiasis (metaplastic lashes)
		Eyelash ptosis
		Trichomegaly
		Madarosis
		Poliosis
	Allergic Disorders
		Acute allergic oedema
		Contact dermatitis
		Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
	Viral Infections
		Molluscum contagiosum
		Herpes zoster ophthalmicus
		Herpes simplex
	Chronic Blepharitis
		Chronic marginal blepharitis
		Phthiriasis palpebrarum
	Ptosis
		Simple congenital ptosis
		Involutional ptosis
	Ectropion
		Involutional ectropion
		Cicatricial ectropion
		Paralytic ectropion
	Entropion
		Involutional entropion
		Cicatricial entropion
	Miscellaneous Acquired Disorders
		Blepharochalasis
		Floppy eyelid syndrome
	Cosmetic Eyelid and Periocular Surgery
		Nonsurgical cosmetic techniques
		Surgical cosmetic techniques
	Congenital Malformations
		Epicanthus
		Telecanthus
		Epiblepharon
		Blepharophimosis, ptosis and epicanthus inversus syndrome
		Coloboma
		Cryptophthalmos
		Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum
3
 Lacrimal Drainage System
	Anatomy
		Causes of a watering eye
	Acquired obstruction
		Primary punctal stenosis
		Secondary punctal stenosis
		Canalicular obstruction
		Nasolacrimal duct obstruction
		Dacryolithiasis
	Congenital obstruction
		Nasolacrimal duct obstruction
		Congenital dacryocoele (amniontocoele)
	Principles of adult lacrimal surgery
	Infections
		Chronic canaliculitis
		Dacryocystitis
4
 Orbit
	Thyroid eye disease
	Infections
		Preseptal cellulitis
		Bacterial orbital cellulitis
	Non-infective inflammatory disease
		Idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease (IOID)
		Acute dacryoadenitis
		Tolosa–Hunt syndrome
	Vascular abnormalities
		Varices
		Carotid-cavernous fistula
	Cystic lesions
		Dacryops
		Dermoid cyst
		ENCEPHALOCOELE
	Tumours
		Capillary haemangioma
		Cavernous haemangioma
		Pleomorphic lacrimal gland adenoma (benign mixed cell tumour)
		Lacrimal gland carcinoma
		Optic nerve glioma
		Optic nerve sheath meningioma
		Plexiform neurofibroma
		Lymphoma
		Rhabdomyosarcoma (embryonal sarcoma)
		Adult metastatic tumours
		Childhood metastatic tumours
		Orbital invasion from adjacent structures
	Anophthalmic socket
		Surgical procedures for removal of an eye or the contents of the orbit
		Rehabilitation of the anophthalmic socket
	Craniosynostoses
		Crouzon syndrome
		Apert syndrome
5
 Dry Eye
	Definitions
	Physiology
	Mechanism of disease
	Classification of keratoconjunctivitis sicca
	Sjögren syndrome
	Diagnosis of dry eye syndrome
	Treatment
6
 Conjunctiva
	Bacterial conjunctivitis
		Acute bacterial conjunctivitis
		Adult chlamydial conjunctivitis
		Trachoma
		Neonatal conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum)
	Viral conjunctivitis
		Adenoviral conjunctivitis
		Molluscum contagiosum conjunctivitis
	Allergic conjunctivitis
		Acute allergic conjunctivitis
		Seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis
		Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC)
		Atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC)
		Giant papillary conjunctivitis
	Conjunctivitis in blistering mucocutaneous disease
		Mucous membrane (cicatricial) pemphigoid
		Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis
		Graft vs host disease
	Miscellaneous conjunctivitis
		Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis
			Ligneous conjunctivitis
			Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome
			Factitious conjunctivitis
				Pathogenesis:
				Diagnosis
				Treatment:
				Pathogenesis:
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
				Pathogenesis:
				Diagnosis:
				Treatment:
				Pathogenesis:
				Diagnosis:
				Treatment:
				Pathogenesis:
				Diagnosis
				Treatment:
	Degenerations
		Pingueculum
		Pterygium
		Concretions
		Conjunctivochalasis
		Retention (epithelial inclusion) cyst
7
 Cornea
	Bacterial keratitis
	Fungal keratitis
	Herpes simplex keratitis
		Pathogenesis
	Epithelial keratitis
	Disciform keratitis
	Necrotizing stromal keratitis
	Neurotrophic ulceration
		Other considerations
	Herpes zoster ophthalmicus
	Interstitial keratitis
		Pathogenesis
		Syphilitic
		Cogan syndrome
	Protozoan keratitis
		Acanthamoeba
		Onchocerciasis
	Bacterial hypersensitivity-mediated corneal disease
		Marginal keratitis
		Phlyctenulosis
	Rosacea
	Severe peripheral corneal ulceration
		Mooren ulcer
		Peripheral ulcerative keratitis associated with systemic autoimmune disease
		Terrien marginal degeneration
	Neurotrophic keratopathy
	Exposure keratopathy
	Miscellaneous keratopathies
		Infectious crystalline keratopathy
		Thygeson superficial punctate keratitis
		Filamentary keratopathy
	Recurrent corneal epithelial erosion
	Xerophthalmia
	Corneal ectasias
		Keratoconus
		Pellucid marginal degeneration
		Keratoglobus
	Corneal dystrophies
		Epithelial dystrophies
		Bowman layer/anterior stromal dystrophies
		Stromal dystrophies
		Endothelial dystrophies
	Corneal degenerations
		Age-related degenerations
		Lipid keratopathy
		Band keratopathy
		Spheroidal degeneration (Labrador keratopathy)
		Salzmann nodular degeneration
	Metabolic keratopathies
		Cystinosis
		Mucopolysaccharidoses
		Wilson disease
		Fabry disease
	Contact lenses
		Therapeutic uses
		Complications
	Congenital anomalies of the cornea and globe
		Microcornea
		Megalocornea
		Microphthalmos
		Sclerocornea
		Anophthalmos
8
 Corneal and Refractive Surgery
	Keratoplasty
		Introduction
		Penetrating keratoplasty
		Corneal graft rejection
		Superficial lamellar keratoplasty
		Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty
		Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty
	Limbal stem cell grafting
	Keratoprosthesis
	Refractive procedures
		Introduction
		Laser refractive procedures
9
 Episclera and Sclera
	Episcleritis
		Simple episcleritis
		Nodular episcleritis
	Immune-mediated scleritis
		Anterior non-necrotizing scleritis
		Anterior necrotizing scleritis with inflammation
		Scleromalacia perforans
		Posterior scleritis
		Treatment of immune-mediated scleritis
		Systemic associations of scleritis
	Scleral discoloration
10
 Lens
	Introduction
	Acquired cataract
		Effect on vision
		Age-related cataract
		Cataract in systemic disease
		Causes of secondary cataract
		Causes of traumatic cataract
	Management of age-related cataract
		Preoperative considerations
		Intraocular lenses
		Anaesthesia
		Phacoemulsification
		Operative complications
		Acute postoperative endophthalmitis
		Delayed-onset postoperative endophthalmitis
		Posterior capsular opacification
		Miscellaneous postoperative complications
	Congenital cataract
	Ectopia lentis
	Abnormalities of shape
11
 Glaucoma
	Ocular Hypertension
	Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG)
	Optic Disc Changes
	Normal-Pressure Glaucoma (NTG)
	Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma (PACG)
	Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome
		Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma
	Pigment Dispersion
		Pigment dispersion syndrome
		Pigmentary glaucoma
	Neovascular Glaucoma
		Introduction
		Rubeosis iridis
		Secondary open-angle glaucoma
		Secondary angle-closure glaucoma
	Inflammatory Glaucoma
		Angle-closure glaucoma with pupillary block
		Angle-closure glaucoma without pupillary block
		Open-angle glaucoma
		Treatment of inflammatory glaucoma
		Posner–Schlossman syndrome (glaucomatocyclitic crisis)
	Steroid-Induced Glaucoma
	Lens-related glaucoma
		Phacolytic glaucoma
		Phacomorphic glaucoma
		Lens dislocation into the anterior chamber
	Traumatic Glaucoma
		Hyphaema
		Angle recession glaucoma
	Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome
	Glaucoma Associated With Intraocular Tumours
	Glaucoma Associated With Iridoschisis
	Primary Congenital Glaucoma
	Iridocorneal Dysgenesis
		Posterior embryotoxon
		Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome
		Aniridia
	Glaucoma Medication
		Prostaglandin analogues
		Beta-blockers
		Alpha-2 agonists
		Topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
		Miotics
		Combined preparations
		New topical medications
		Systemic carbonic acid inhibitors
		Osmotic agents
	Laser Therapy
		Argon laser trabeculoplasty
		Selective laser trabeculoplasty
		Nd:YAG laser iridotomy
		Diode laser ablation (cyclodiode)
		Laser iridoplasty
	Trabeculectomy
		Shallow anterior chamber
		Failure of filtration
		Late bleb leakage
		Bleb-associated bacterial infection and endophthalmitis
	Nonpenetrating surgery
	Drainage Shunts
		Shunts using episcleral explants
		Mini shunts
	Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS)
12
 Uveitis
	Terminology
	Clinical Features
		Acute anterior uveitis
		Chronic anterior uveitis
		Posterior uveitis
	Principles of Treatment
		Mydriatics
		Topical steroids
		Periocular steroid injection
		Intraocular steroids
		Systemic steroids
		Antimetabolites
		Alkylating agents
		Other drugs
	Intermediate Uveitis
	Uveitis In Spondyloarthropathies
		Ankylosing spondylitis
		Reiter syndrome
		Psoriatic arthritis
		Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
	Uveitis in Bowel Disease
		Ulcerative colitis
		Crohn disease
	Sarcoidosis
	Behçet Syndrome
	Toxoplasmosis
		Pathogenesis
		Toxoplasma retinitis
	Toxocariasis
	Onchocerciasis
	Uveitis in Individuals With AIDS
		AIDS
		Ocular involvement in AIDS
		HIV microangiopathy
		Cytomegalovirus retinitis
		Progressive retinal necrosis
	Acute Retinal Necrosis
	Fungal Uveitis
		Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS)
		Cryptococcosis
		Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis
	Bacterial Uveitis
		Tuberculosis
		Syphilis
		Lyme disease (borreliosis)
		Endogenous (metastatic) bacterial endophthalmitis
		Cat-scratch disease
		Leprosy
	White dot syndromes
		Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS)
		Acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement syndrome
		Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE)
		Multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis
		Punctate inner choroidopathy
		Birdshot retinochoroiditis
		Serpiginous choroidopathy
	Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy (Azoor)
	Primary Stromal Choroiditis
		Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome (VKH)
		Sympathetic ophthalmitis
	Fuchs Uveitis Syndrome
13
 Retinal Vascular Disease
	Diabetic retinopathy
		Introduction
		Classification
		Signs
		Treatment of clinically significant macular oedema (CSMO)
		Treatment of proliferative retinopathy
		Advanced diabetic eye disease
	Retinal venous occlusive disease
		Introduction
		Predisposing factors
		Systemic assessment
		Branch retinal vein occlusion
		Non-ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion
		Ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion
		Hemiretinal vein occlusion
	Retinal arterial occlusive disease
		Introduction
		Pathogenesis
		Systemic assessment
		Amaurosis fugax
		Branch retinal artery occlusion
		Central retinal artery occlusion
		Treatment of acute retinal artery occlusion
		Systemic prophylaxis following retinal arterial occlusion
		Asymptomatic retinal embolus
	Hypertensive disease
		Retinopathy
		Choroidopathy
	Sickle cell retinopathy
		Nonproliferative retinopathy
		Proliferative retinopathy
	Retinopathy of prematurity
	Retinal artery macroaneurysm
	Primary retinal telangiectasia
		Idiopathic macular telangiectasia
		Coats disease
	Purtscher retinopathy
	Valsalva retinopathy
	Retinopathy in blood disorders
14
 Acquired Macular Disorders
	Anatomy
	Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
		Introduction
		Drusen
		Prophylactic antioxidant supplementation in AMD
		Non-exudative AMD
		Retinal pigment epithelial detachment
		Retinal pigment epithelial tear
		Exudative AMD
		Retinal angiomatous proliferation
	Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
	Age-related macular hole
	Central serous chorioretinopathy
	Cystoid macular oedema
	Macular epiretinal membrane
	Degenerative myopia
	Angioid streaks
	Choroidal folds
	Hypotony maculopathy
	Vitreomacular traction syndrome
15
 Hereditary Fundus Dystrophies
	Introduction
	Generalized photoreceptor dystrophies
		Retinitis pigmentosa
		Important systemic associations
		Progressive cone dystrophy
		Leber congenital amaurosis
		Stargardt disease and fundus flavimaculatus
		Bietti crystalline corneoretinal dystrophy
		Congenital stationary night blindness
		Congenital monochromatism
	Macular dystrophies
		Best macular dystrophy
		Pattern dystrophy
		Familial dominant drusen (malattia leventinese)
		Sorsby pseudoinflammatory dystrophy
	Generalized choroidal dystrophies
		Choroideremia
		Gyrate atrophy
	Vitreoretinal dystrophies
		Juvenile X-linked retinoschisis
		Stickler syndrome
		Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
	Albinism
		Tyrosinase-negative (complete) oculocutaneous albinism
		Tyrosinase-positive (incomplete) oculocutaneous albinism
		Ocular albinism
	Cherry-red spot at the macula
16
 Retinal Detachment
	Definitions
	Degenerative (acquired) retinoschisis
	Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
	Tractional retinal detachment
	Exudative retinal detachment
	Pars plana vitrectomy
17
 Vitreous Opacities
	Muscae volitantes
	Vitreous haemorrhage
	Asteroid hyalosis
	Synchysis scintillans
18
 Strabismus
	Amblyopia
	Heterophoria
	Vergence abnormalities
		Convergence insufficiency
		Divergence insufficiency
		Near reflex insufficiency
		Spasm of the near reflex
	Esotropia
		Definition
		Early onset (essential) esotropia
		Accommodative esotropia
		Microtropia
		Other forms of esotropia
	Exotropia
		Constant (early onset) exotropia
		Intermittent exotropia
		Other forms of exotropia
	Special syndromes
		Duane retraction syndrome
		Brown syndrome
	Alphabet patterns
	Strabismus surgery
19
 Neuro-Ophthalmology
	Optic nerve
		Optic atrophy
		Classification of optic neuritis
		Demyelinating optic neuritis
		Miscellaneous optic neuritis (see Chapter 12)
		Neuroretinitis
		Non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy
		Arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy
		Posterior ischaemic optic neuropathy
		Diabetic papillopathy
		Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
		Nutritional optic neuropathy (tobacco–alcohol amblyopia)
		Papilloedema
		Terson syndrome
		Congenital optic disc anomalies
	Pupils
		Relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)
		Horner syndrome (oculosympathetic palsy)
		Adie pupil
		Other abnormal pupillary reactions
	Pituitary adenoma
	Retrochiasmal pathways
		Introduction
		Optic tracts
		Optic radiations
	Ocular motor nerves
		Third (oculomotor) nerve disease
		Fourth (trochlear) nerve disease
		Sixth (abducens) nerve disease
	Supranuclear disorders of ocular motility
		Horizontal gaze palsy
		Vertical gaze palsy
	Nystagmus
		Introduction
		Physiological nystagmus
		Motor imbalance nystagmus
		Sensory deprivation nystagmus
		Surgery for nystagmus
		Nystagmoid movements
	Ocular myopathies
		Myasthenia gravis
		Myotonic dystrophy
		Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
	Neurofibromatosis
		Genetics
		NF1
		NF2
	Migraine
	Neuralgias
	Facial spasm
		Essential blepharospasm
		Hemifacial spasm
20
 Ocular Tumours
	Benign epibulbar tumours
		Conjunctival naevus
		Conjunctival papilloma
		Dermoid
		Dermolipoma
		Pyogenic granuloma
		Conjunctival (racial) epithelial melanosis
	Malignant and premalignant epibulbar tumours
		Primary acquired melanosis (PAM)
		Conjunctival melanoma
		Ocular surface squamous neoplasia
		Lymphoproliferative lesions
		Kaposi sarcoma
	Iris tumours
		Iris naevus
		Iris melanoma
	Iris cysts
		Primary
		Secondary
	Ciliary body melanoma
	Tumours of the choroid
		Choroidal naevus
		Choroidal melanoma
		Circumscribed choroidal haemangioma
		Diffuse choroidal haemangioma
		Optic disc melanocytoma
		Choroidal osteoma
		Metastatic tumours
	Neural retinal tumours
		Retinoblastoma
		Astrocytoma
	Vascular retinal tumours
		Capillary haemangioma
		Cavernous haemangioma
		Racemose haemangioma
	Primary intraocular lymphoma
	Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE)
	Combined hamartoma of the retina and RPE
21
 Ocular Side Effects of Systemic Medication
	Eyelids
	Cornea
		Vortex keratopathy (cornea verticillata)
		Chlorpromazine
		Argyrosis
		Chrysiasis
		Amantadine
	Ciliary body
	Lens
		Steroids
		Other drugs
	Uveitis
		Rifabutin
		Cidofovir
	Retina
		Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine
		Phenothiazines
		Drug-induced crystalline maculopathies
		Other drugs
	Optic nerve
		Ethambutol
		Amiodarone
		Vigabatrin
		Sildenafil
22
 Trauma
	Eyelid trauma
		Periocular haematoma
		Laceration
	Blow-out orbital floor fracture
	Trauma to the globe
		Definitions
		Imaging
	Blunt trauma to the anterior segment
	Blunt injuries to the posterior segment
	Shaken baby syndrome (non-accidental head injury)
	Penetrating trauma
		Superficial foreign bodies
		Intraocular foreign bodies
		Enucleation/evisceration
		Bacterial endophthalmitis
	Chemical injuries
Index
	Index