Juvenile delinquency : causes and control

Cover
Juvenile Delinquency: CAUSES AND CONTROL
Contents
An Important Message for Instructors
An Overview of This Book
Acknowledgments
PART 1: The Nature and Extent of Delinquency
	1: What Is Delinquency and How Does It Differ from Adult Crime?
		JUVENILE DELINQUENTS ARE VIEWED DIFFERENTLY THAN ADULT CRIMINALS
		JUVENILE DELINQUENTS ARE TREATED DIFFERENTLY THAN ADULT CRIMINALS
			Special Laws for Juveniles: Status Offenses
			A Special Court for Juveniles: Juvenile Court
			Special Correctional Programs for Juveniles
		HOW CAN WE EXPLAIN THE INVENTION OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY?
			Changing Conception of Children
			Major Social Changes, Especially the Growth of Urban Slums
			Gender, Race, and the Invention of Delinquency
		OUR VIEW AND TREATMENT OF JUVENILE OFFENDERS CONTINUES TO EVOLVE
			“Getting Tough” with Juvenile Offenders (Late 1980s Through the Early 2000s)
			Retreating from the Get-Tough Approach (Since the Early 2000s)
		SUMMARY
		TEACHING AIDS
			Web-Based Exercises
			Controversial Case
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ENDNOTES
	2: How Is Delinquency Measured?
		OFFICIAL STATISTICS—ESPECIALLY ARREST DATA FROM THE POLICE
			Problems with Arrest Data
			Summary
		SELF-REPORT DATA
		HOW DO WE KNOW THAT JUVENILES ARE TELLING THE TRUTH?
			Problems with Many Self-Report Surveys
			Recent Self-Report Surveys Have Made Much Progress in Overcoming the Preceding Problems
		VICTIMIZATION DATA
			Problems with Victimization Data
		SUMMARY
		TEACHING AIDS
			A Challenge
			Practical Advice: Three Things to Beware of When Others Discuss the Extent of and Trends in Delinquency (and a Challenge)
			Web-Based Exercise: Measuring the Extent of Rape
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ANSWERS TO THE CHALLENGE
			ENDNOTES
	3: How Much Delinquency Is There, and Is Delinquency Increasing?
		HOW MUCH DELINQUENCY IS THERE?
			How Many Juveniles Are Arrested, and What Are They Arrested For?
			How Much Self-Reported Delinquency Is There?
			How Many Juveniles Are Victimized, and How Many Victimizations Are Committed by Juveniles?
			Summary
		IS JUVENILE DELINQUENCY INCREASING?
			Are Juvenile Arrests Increasing?
			Is Self-Reported Delinquency Increasing?
			Are Victimizations Committed by Juveniles Increasing?
			Summary
		HOW CAN WE EXPLAIN THE DRAMATIC DECLINE IN SERIOUS CRIME SINCE THE MID-1990S?
		TEACHING AIDS
			Exercise: The Extent of and Trends in Campus Crime
			Web-Based Exercise: Finding the Latest Information on the Extent of and Trends in Crime and Delinquency
			Test Your Knowledge of This Chapter
			Thought and Discussion Questions
			Key Terms
			Endnotes
	4: Who Is Most Likely to Engage in Delinquency?
		IS SOCIAL CLASS RELATED TO DELINQUENCY?
			Early Studies Based on Arrest Data
			Early Self-Report Studies
			Criticisms of the Early Self-Report Studies
			The Later Self-Report Studies
			Summary
		ARE RACE AND ETHNICITY RELATED TO DELINQUENCY?
			Arrest Data
			Criticisms of Arrest Data
			Self-Report Data
			Victimization Data
			Is Race Related to Delinquency?
			Are Race Differences in Serious Delinquency Explained by Social Class?
		IS AGE RELATED TO DELINQUENCY?
		IS GENDER RELATED TO DELINQUENCY?
			Arrest Data
			Self-Report Data
			Summary
		ARE THERE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DELINQUENTS?
			An Overview of the Research on the Different Types of Delinquents
			What Are the Different Types of Delinquents?
		SUMMARY
		TEACHING AIDS
			Exercise 1: Perceptions of Race and Crime
			Exercise 2: Why Do Asian Americans Have Lower Crime Rates?
			Exercise 3: Explaining the Association Between Gender and Crime
			Exercise 4: Girls’ Delinquency
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ENDNOTES
PART 2: The Causes of Delinquency: Theories
	5: What Is a Theory and How Do We Test Theories?
		WHAT IS A THEORY?
			What Are the Basic Parts of a Theory?
			Why Is It Important to Study Theories of Delinquency?
		HOW DO WE TEST THEORIES OF DELINQUENCY (OR DETERMINE WHETHER SOME FACTOR CAUSES DELINQUENCY)?
			The Scientific Method
			Carefully Define Your Independent and Dependent Variables
			Decide How to Gather Data to Test Your Belief or Theory
			Develop Measures of Your Independent and Dependent Variables
			Select a Sample of Juveniles to Survey
			Analyze the Data You Have Collected
		SUMMARY
		TEACHING AIDS
			Some Challenges
			Web-Based Resources for Your Criminological Research Project
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ANSWERS TO THE CHALLENGES
			ENDNOTE
	6: Strain Theory
		WHAT ARE THE MAJOR TYPES OF STRAIN?
			The Failure to Achieve Your Goals
			Loss of Positive Stimuli/Presentation of Negative Stimuli
		WHAT IMPACT DOES STRAIN HAVE ON THE JUVENILE?
		WHY ARE SOME JUVENILES MORE LIKELY TO COPE WITH STRAIN THROUGH DELINQUENCY?
		SUMMARY
		TEACHING AIDS
			Case Studies
			Web-Based Exercise: Applying Strain Theory
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ENDNOTES
	7: Social Learning Theory
		JUVENILES LEARN TO ENGAGE IN DELINQUENCY FROM OTHERS
			The Differential Reinforcement of Delinquency
			The Frequency, Amount, and Relative Probability of Reinforcement
			Positive and Negative Reinforcement
			Punishment
			The Sources of Reinforcement and Punishment
			Some Individuals Are More Likely to Be Reinforced for Delinquency than Others
			Intermittent Reinforcement
			Discriminative Stimuli
			Research on the Reinforcement and Punishment of Delinquency
		BELIEFS FAVORABLE TO DELINQUENCY
			Generally Approve of Minor Delinquency
			Conditionally Approve of Delinquency, Including Some Serious Delinquency
			General Values Conducive to Delinquency
			Where Do the Beliefs Favorable to Delinquency Come From?
		THE IMITATION OF DELINQUENT MODELS
		SUMMARY
		TEACHING AIDS
			Controversial Cases
			Web-Based Exercise: Learning to Hate
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ENDNOTES
	8: Control Theory
		WHY DO JUVENILES CONFORM (AND SOMETIMES DEVIATE)?
			How Is Control Theory Similar to and Different from Social Learning Theory?
		WHAT ARE THE MAJOR TYPES OF CONTROL (OR RESTRAINTS TO DELINQUENCY)?
			Direct Control
			Stake in Conformity
			Belief
			Self-Control
		SUMMARY
		TEACHING AIDS
			Controversial Issue: The Nature of Human Nature
			Controversial Methods for Increasing Direct Control
			Web-Based Exercise: Where Do Theories Come From?
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ENDNOTES
	9: Labeling Theory
		BACKGROUND ON LABELING THEORY
		HOW DO OTHERS REACT TO THE JUVENILE’S DELINQUENCY?
			Harsh/Rejecting Reaction
			Failure to Respond to the Juvenile’s Delinquency
			“Condemn the Delinquency but Accept the Juvenile” Reaction
			Summary
		WHY DOES THE HARSH/REJECTING REACTION LEAD TO FURTHER DELINQUENCY?
			Reduces Control
			Increases Strain
			Increases the Social Learning of Delinquency
			Creates a Delinquent Self-Concept
		WHAT DETERMINES WHETHER JUVENILES EXPERIENCE THE HARSH/REJECTING REACTION?
		ARE SOME JUVENILES MORE LIKELY THAN OTHERS TO RESPOND TO THE HARSH/REJECTING REACTION WITH FURTHER DELINQUENCY?
		THE EVIDENCE ON LABELING THEORY
		SUMMARY
		TEACHING AIDS
			Controversial Issue #1: Going Too Far? Zero-Tolerance Policies in the Nation’s Schools
			Controversial Issue #2: Is It Sometimes Best to Ignore Delinquency?
			Web-Based Exercise: Applying Labeling Theory (Race and Labeling)
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ENDNOTES
	10: The Life Course
		WHY DO MOST INDIVIDUALS INCREASE THEIR LEVELS OF OFFENDING DURING ADOLESCENCE?
			The Biological and Social Changes Associated with Adolescence
			A Reduction in Control
			An Increase in the Social Learning for Crime
			An Increase in Strain
			Summary
		WHY DO A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF INDIVIDUALS OFFEND AT HIGH RATES OVER MUCH OF THEIR LIVES?
			Traits Conducive to Crime
			Poor Parenting
			High Rates of Offending over the Life Course
			Summary
		SUMMARY
		TEACHING AIDS
			Web-Based Exercise: Comparing Adult and Juvenile Offenders
			Controversial Issue: An Evolutionary Theory of Adolescence-Limited Offending
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ENDNOTES
	11: Is Delinquency More Likely in Certain Types of Situations?
		WHAT TYPES OF SITUATIONS ARE MOST CONDUCIVE TO DELINQUENCY?
			Strain Theory: Situational Strains
			Strain Theory: Situational Factors that Increase the Likelihood of Delinquent Coping
			Social Learning and Control Theories: The Benefits and Costs of Delinquency
			Attractive Targets
			The Absence of Capable Guardians
			The Presence of Delinquent Peers
			Summary
		WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE THE LIKELIHOOD THAT PREDISPOSED OFFENDERS WILL ENCOUNTER SITUATIONS CONDUCIVE TO DELINQUENCY?
			The Nature of the Individual’s Routine Activities
			Factors Influencing Routine Activities
			Summary
		SUMMARY
		TEACHING AIDS
			Applying the Research: Examining the Routine Activities of College Students
			Web-Based Exercise: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ENDNOTES
	12: Group Differences in Delinquency
		WHY ARE CRIME RATES HIGHER IN SOME COMMUNITIES THAN IN OTHERS?
		WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH-CRIME NEIGHBORHOODS AND CITIES?
			Summary
		ARE COMMUNITIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS CONDUCIVE TO CRIME BECOMING MORE COMMON?
		WHY ARE DEPRIVED COMMUNITIES HIGHER IN CRIME?
			Deprived Communities Are Higher in Strain
			Deprived Communities Are Lower in Control
			Deprived Communities Foster the Social Learning of Crime
			Community Crime Rates Reduce Control, Foster the Social Learning of Crime, and Increase Strain
		OVERVIEW OF THE LEADING THEORIES OF DELINQUENCY
		TEACHING AIDS
			Exercise: Increasing Community Control
			Exercise: Explaining Other Group Differences in Crime
			Web-Based Exercise: Societal Differences in Crime and Delinquency
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ENDNOTES
PART 3: The Causes of Delinquency: Research
	13: Individual Traits
		ARE JUVENILES WITH CERTAIN TRAITS MORE LIKELY TO ENGAGE IN DELINQUENCY?
			Low Verbal IQ
			Low Self-Control
			Irritability
			Summary
		WHY ARE SOME INDIVIDUALS MORE LIKELY THAN OTHERS TO POSSESS THESE TRAITS?
			Biological Influences on Traits
			Environmental Influences on Traits
		IS MENTAL ILLNESS RELATED TO VIOLENCE?
		SUMMARY
		TEACHING AIDS
			Controversial Issue: Should Delinquents Be Held Responsible for Their Behavior?
			Web-Based Exercise: Programs for Mentally Ill Offenders
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ENDNOTES
	14: The Family
		THE EFFECT OF THE FAMILY ON DELINQUENCY
		FAMILY STRUCTURE
			Are Juveniles from Single-Parent Homes More Delinquent?
			Does the Mother’s Employment Outside the Home Increase Delinquency?
			Does Placing Juveniles in Childcare Facilities Increase the Likelihood of Delinquency?
			Are Teenage Parents More Likely to Have Delinquent Children?
			Are Juveniles from Large Families More Delinquent?
		PARENTAL AND SIBLING CRIME/DEVIANCE
			Are Juveniles with Criminal or Deviant Parents and Siblings More Likely to Be Delinquent?
		THE QUALITY OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS
			Are Juveniles Who Have Warm or Close Relationships with Their Parents Less Delinquent?
		PARENTAL SOCIALIZATION
			What Should Parents Do to Teach Their Children to Avoid Delinquency?
			What Should Parents Do to Teach Their Children to Engage in Conventional Behavior?
			Summary
		WHY DO SOME PARENTS EMPLOY POOR PARENTING PRACTICES?
			A Note on Genes, Parenting, and Delinquency
		TEACHING AIDS
			Exercise: Putting Your Knowledge to Use
			Web-Based Exercise: An Inside Look at a Troubled Family
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ENDNOTES
	15: The School
		WHAT SCHOOL EXPERIENCES CONTRIBUTE TO DELINQUENCY?
			Do School Experiences Cause Delinquency?
			Why Do Some Juveniles Have Negative School Experiences?
		SCHOOL CHARACTERISTICS AND DELINQUENCY
			How Much Delinquency Occurs at School?
			How Can We Explain School Differences in Delinquency?
		TEACHING AIDS
			Applying Theories and Research
			Web-Based Exercise: More Information on School Violence, Including Bullying
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ENDNOTES
	16: Delinquent Peers and Gangs
		WHAT IMPACT DO DELINQUENT PEERS HAVE ON DELINQUENCY?
			Under What Conditions Are Delinquent Peers Most Likely to Cause Delinquency?
			What Are Delinquent Peer Groups Like?
			Why Are Individuals in Delinquent Groups More Likely to Engage in Delinquency?
			Why Are Some Juveniles More Likely than Others to Get Involved with Delinquent Peers?
		WHAT IMPACT DO GANGS HAVE ON DELINQUENCY?
			What Is a Street Gang?
			How Common Are Gangs?
			Are Gangs Becoming More Common?
			What Effect Do Gangs Have on Crime and Delinquency?
			What Are the Characteristics of Gang Members?
			How Are Gangs Organized or Structured?
			What Are Female Gangs Like?
			Why Do Some Juveniles Join Gangs?
			Why Do Some Communities Develop Gangs?
			How Can We Explain Long-Term Trends in Gang Activity?
		SUMMARY
		TEACHING AIDS
			Controversial Issue: What Is a Gang?
			Web-Based Exercise: An Examination of Two Major Gangs
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ENDNOTES
	17: Other Social Influences
		DOES RELIGION REDUCE DELINQUENCY?
			The Evidence
		DOES WORK REDUCE DELINQUENCY AMONG JUVENILES ATTENDING SCHOOL?
			The Evidence
		DOES MASS MEDIA VIOLENCE CAUSE VIOLENCE AMONG JUVENILES?
			TV and Movie Violence
			Violent Video Games
			Music with Violent Themes
			Does Media Violence Affect Some Juveniles More than Others?
			Summary
		DOES SOCIAL MEDIA ENGAGEMENT INCREASE THE RISK OF DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR?
			The Evidence
			Summary
		DO DRUGS INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD OF DELINQUENCY?
			Reasons that Drugs May Affect Delinquency
			The Evidence
		DO GUNS INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD OF DELINQUENCY?
			How Common Is Gun Ownership and Possession Among Juveniles?
			Do Guns Contribute to Delinquency?
			Do Guns Prevent More Crime than They Contribute To?
		SUMMARY
		TEACHING AIDS
			Controversial Issue: Should Marijuana Be Legalized?
			Web-Based Exercise: Guns Across the Globe
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			ENDNOTES
	18: Pulling It All Together
		A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE THEORIES AND RESEARCH ON THE CAUSES OF DELINQUENCY
			Theories
			Research
		A GENERAL THEORY OF DELINQUENCY
			The Major Direct Causes of Delinquency and Why They Cause It
			How All These Clusters Are Related
			How Biological Factors and the Larger Social Environment Affect the Clusters
			Explaining Group Differences In Delinquency
		USING THE GENERAL THEORY TO EXPLAIN WHY MALES HAVE HIGHER RATES OF DELINQUENCY THAN FEMALES
			The Special Role of Sexual Abuse in Explaining Serious Female Offending
		AN OVERVIEW OF THE GENERAL THEORY OF DELINQUENCY
		TEACHING AIDS
			Web-Based Exercise: Applying the General Theory
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ENDNOTES
PART 4: The Control and Prevention of Delinquency
	19: Policies and Programs
		THE EXPERIMENTAL MODEL FOR DETERMINING PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS
			The Importance of Doing Randomized Experiments
			Problems in Doing Randomized Experiments
		WHAT IF ONE IS NOT ABLE TO DO A RANDOMIZED EXPERIMENT?
		WHY ARE SOME PROGRAMS INEFFECTIVE AT REDUCING DELINQUENCY?
		SUMMARY
		TEACHING AIDS
			Web-Based Exercise: The Importance (and Sometimes Neglect) of Good Evaluation Research
			Some Challenges
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ANSWERS TO CHALLENGES
			ENDNOTE
	20: The Police
		HOW DO THE POLICE OPERATE?
			Preventive Patrol Is the Major Type of Policing
			The Police Spend Only a Small Amount of Their Time Dealing with Crime
			Policing Is Primarily Reactive in Nature
			When the Police Do Discover or Hear About a Crime, They Usually Do Not Catch the Offender
			If the Police Do Catch a Suspect, They Usually Do Not Arrest the Person
		HOW EFFECTIVE IS PREVENTIVE PATROL?
		HOW CAN THE POLICE INCREASE THEIR EFFECTIVENESS?
			Will Hiring More Police Reduce Delinquency?
			Will Police Crackdowns Reduce Delinquency?
			Will Community Policing Reduce Delinquency?
		SUMMARY
		TEACHING AIDS
			Web-Based Exercises
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ENDNOTES
	21: Juvenile Court and Corrections
		WHAT HAPPENS WHEN JUVENILES ARE SENT TO JUVENILE COURT?
			What Are the Major Goals of Juvenile Court?
			How Many Cases Does Juvenile Court Handle, and What Types Does the Court Deal With?
			What Are the Major Stages in the Juvenile Court Process?
		JUVENILE CORRECTIONS: WHAT HAPPENS TO JUVENILES WHO RECEIVE A DISPOSITION OR SENTENCE FROM THE COURT?
			Formal Probation
			Intermediate Sanctions
			A Renewed Focus on Rehabilitation
			Out-of-Home Placements
			Aftercare Services
		AN OVERVIEW OF THE JUVENILE JUSTICE PROCESS
		TEACHING AIDS
			Controversial Issue
			Web-Based Resources and Activities
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ENDNOTES
	22: The Juvenile Justice System
		DOES THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM DISCRIMINATE AGAINST AFRICAN AMERICANS?
			The Extent of Discrimination Varies Across Police Departments and Juvenile Courts
			The Extent of Discrimination May Vary by Type of Crime
			Small Amounts of Discrimination at Different Points in the Juvenile Justice Process Can Have a Large Overall Effect
			Racial Discrimination May Be Direct or Indirect
			What Can Be Done to Address the Overrepresentation of Minorities in the Juvenile Justice System?
		DOES THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM DISCRIMINATE AGAINST THE POOR AND AGAINST MALES OR FEMALES?
		SUMMARY
		TEACHING AIDS
			Controversial Issue
			Race and Experiences with the Police
			Web-Based Exercise: The Disproportionate Minority Contact Initiative
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ENDNOTES
	23: The Strategies of Deterrence and Incapacitation
		ARE THE JUVENILE COURT AND CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM TOUGH ENOUGH IN DEALING WITH OFFENDERS, ESPECIALLY SERIOUS OFFENDERS?
		EFFORTS TO GET TOUGH WITH SERIOUS OFFENDERS
			Some Get-Tough Measures
		HOW EFFECTIVE ARE GET-TOUGH MEASURES, AND WHAT CAN BE DONE TO INCREASE THEIR EFFECTIVENESS?
			Deterrence
			Specific Deterrence
			General Deterrence
			Incapacitation: Will Locking Up Delinquents Reduce Delinquency?
		SUMMARY
		TEACHING AIDS
			Controversial Issue: Life Without Parole for Juvenile Offenders?
			Web-Based Exercise: Restorative Justice in Practice
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ENDNOTES
	24: The Strategies of Prevention and Rehabilitation
		A BRIEF HISTORY OF PREVENTION AND REHABILITATION
		HOW EFFECTIVE ARE PREVENTION AND REHABILITATION PROGRAMS?
			General Characteristics of Effective Prevention and Rehabilitation Programs
		WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL PREVENTION/REHABILITATION PROGRAMS IN DIFFERENT AREAS?
			Programs Focusing on the Early Family Environment
			Parent Training Programs
			Programs Focusing on School Factors
			Programs Focusing on Individual Traits
			Programs Focusing on Delinquent Peers and Gangs
		SELECTED OTHER PREVENTION AND REHABILITATION PROGRAMS
		THE CRITICAL ROLE OF LARGER SOCIAL FORCES IN PREVENTING DELINQUENCY
		SUMMARY
		TEACHING AIDS
			Web-Based Exercise: Finding the Latest Information on Programs and Practices for Reducing Delinquency
			Exercise: Extend Your Knowledge of Rehabilitation and Prevention Programs
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			KEY TERMS
			ENDNOTES
	25: What Should We Do to Reduce Delinquency?
		WE SHOULD PLACE MORE EMPHASIS ON PREVENTION AND REHABILITATION
			We Should Hold Juveniles Accountable for Their Behavior and Protect the Community
		TEACHING AIDS
			Exercise: What Should We Do to Reduce Delinquency?
			WEB-BASED EXERCISE: INTERESTED IN A CAREER IN CRIMINOLOGY/CORRECTIONS?
			TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CHAPTER
			THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
			ENDNOTES
References
Photo Credits
Author Index
Subject Index