Journey Into Philosophy: An Introduction with Classic and Contemporary Readings

Preface 
PART ONE Getting Started In Philosophy The Role Of Philosophy  
PART TWO What Do We Know, And How Do We Know It? 
Introduction
Plato Knowledge is Recollection Edited from Meno. Translated by Benjamin Jowett, 1892.
Aristotle A Writing Tablet Edited from De Anima, Book III, Part 4. Translated by R. D. Hicks, 1907.
Augustine The Possibility of Deception Edited from City of God, Book XI, Chapter 26. Translated by Rev. Marcus Dods,1866.
Rene Descartes Doubt and Certainty Edited from Meditations on First Philosophy, Meditations I and II. Translated by John Veitch, 1901.
John Locke Knowledge Derives From Experience Edited from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690, Introduction, and Book I, Chapter I. 
Gottfried Leibniz Deep Inside Edited from New Essays on Human Understanding. Translated by Alfred Gideox Langley, 1896. 
Mary Astell Degrees of Clearness Edited from A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, 1697, Chapter III. 
David Hume Matters of Fact and Relations of Ideas Edited from An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, 1748, Sections II, IV-V. 
Immanuel Kant The Possibility of Experience Edited from Critique of Pure Reason. Introduction. Translated by J. M. D. Meiklejohn, 1900. 
Charles S. Peirce The Nature of Inquiry Edited from Popular Science Monthly 12, November, 1877. 
Helen E. Longino Can There Be A Feminist Science? From Hypatia, vol. 2, no. 3, 1987. pp 51-64.
Noretta Koertge Wrestling with the Social Constructor From Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 775, 1995, pp 266-273.
Edmund Gettier Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? From Analysis 23, 1963, pp 121-123.
Raymond Smullyan An Epistemological Nightmare Margaret MacDonald Sleeping and Waking From Mind, Vol. 62, No. 246, 1953, pp 202-215.
John Pollock Just a Brain in a Vat Edited from Contemporary Theories of Knowledge, Rowman & Littlefield, 1987.
Linda Zagzebski Knowledge and the Motive for Truth From \"Knowledge and the Motive for Truth,\" reprinted with permission of the author.  
PART THREE The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of 
Introduction
Plato The Divided Line and the Cave Edited from Republic, Books VI-VII. Translated by Benjamin Jowett, 1892.
Aristotle First Principles Edited from Metaphysics, Books I- II, IV, VII, X, and XII. Translated by W. D. Ross, 1908.
Margaret Cavendish Observations Edited from Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy, 1666, Sections 1-2, 16, and 20. 
John Locke Primary and Secondary Qualities Edited from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690, Book II, Chapters VIII-IX. 
Gottfried Leibniz The Building Blocks of Reality Edited from The Monadology. Sections 1-20. Translated by Robert Latta, 1898.
George Berkeley To Be is to Be Perceived Edited from A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, 1710, Sections 1-41. 
David Hume Commit it to the Flames Edited from An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, 1748, Section XII, Parts 1 and III. 
Mary Shepherd Ideas Edited from Essays on the Perception of an External Universe, 1827, Preface and Chapter 1. 
Immanuel Kant Regarding an External World Edited from Critique of Pure Reason, Preface
 Second Division, Book II, Chapter 1.Translated by J. M. D. Meiklejohn, 1900.
Margaret MacDonald Things and Processes From Analysis, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1938, pp 1-10.
Martin Heidegger Metaphysics From Introduction to Metaphysics. Translated by Gregory Fried and Richard Polt, 2000, Chapter 1, pp 1-14.
Hannah Arendt Eternity Versus Immortality From The Human Condition, 1958, pp 17-21.
Katherine Hawley Science as a Guide to Metaphysics? From Synthese, 149, 2006, pp 451-470. 
PART FOUR God, Or Where Did All This Stuff Come From? 
Introduction
4A. Can God\'s Existence Be Proved Based On Experience? Introduction
Plato The Beginning of Everything Edited from Timaeus. Translated by Benjamin Jowett, 1892.
Thomas Aquinas The Five Ways Edited from Summa Theologica: First Part, Question 2, Article 3. Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province, 1911.
Gottfried Leibniz Sufficient Reason Edited from The Monadology: Sections 29-36. Translated by Robert Latta, 1898.
George Berkeley The Author of Nature Edited from A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, 1710.
William Paley The Watchmaker Argument Edited from Natural Theology, 1802.
David Hume Against the Watchmaker Argument Edited from Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, 1779, Parts 2 and 5.  
4B. Can God\'s Existence Be Proved Independent Of Experience? 
Introduction
Anselm of Canterbury The Existence of God Edited from Proslogion, Preface, Chapter II-V. Translated by Sidney N. Deane, 1903.
Rene Descartes The Idea of God Edited from Meditations on First Philosophy, Meditation V. Translated by John Veitch, 1901.
Anne Conway On God Edited from The Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophy, 1692, Chapters I-III. 
David Hume Why is There Something Rather Than Nothing? Edited from Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, 1779, Part 9, 
Soeren Kierkegaard God Cannot Be Proven to Exist Edited from Philosophical Fragments. Translated by David F. Swenson, 1936 translation revised by Howard V. Hong, Princeton University Press, 1985.
Markus Lammenranta Is Descartes\'s Reasoning Viciously Circular? From British Journal for the History of Philosophy. 14 (2) 2006: 323-330.
4C. Why Do Suffering And Evil Exist?
Introduction
George Hayward Joyce The Problem of Evil Edited from Principles of Natural Theology, 1922: Chapter XVII.
J. L. Mackie Evil and Omnipotence From Mind, New Series, Vol. 64, No. 254. Apr., 1955, pp 200-212.
Keith Parsons A Simple Statement of the Problem of Evil Edited from The Secular Web, 2011. 
4D. Belief
Introduction
Blaise Pascal The Wager Edited from The Thoughts of Blaise Pascal, Translated by Charles Kegan Paul, 1901.
Damaris Cudworth Masham A Natural Inscription Edited from Occasional Thoughts, 1705.
Friedrich Nietzsche God is Dead Edited from The Gay Science. Translated by Thomas Common, 1910.
William. K. Clifford The Ethics of Belief Edited from Contemporary Review, 1876.
William James The Will to Believe Edited from New World, June, 1896.
PART FIVE Who, What, Where, And When Am I? 
Introduction
5A. What Is Mind? No Matter. What Is Matter? Never Mind
Introduction
Rene Descartes Mind and Body Edited from Meditations on First Philosophy: Meditation VI. Translated by John Veitch, 1901.
Margaret Cavendish A Double Perception Edited from Philosophical Letters, 1664, Letters 35-37.
Anne Conway One and the Same Thing Edited from The Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophy, 1692, Chapters VI-VII and IX.
Lisa Shapiro The Correspondence From \"Princess Elizabeth and Descartes: The Union of Soul and Body and the Practice of Philosophy,\"British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 7:3, 1999, pp 503-520.
5B. Consciousness
Introduction
William James Does Consciousness Exist? Edited from Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, 1904. 
Thomas Nagel What is it Like to Be a Bat? From The Philosophical Review, LXXXIII, 4, October 1974, pp 435-450.
Patricia Smith Churchland The Hornswoggle Problem From the Journal of Consciousness Studies, 3, 1996, pp 402-8. 
Max Velmans How to Define Consciousness-and How Not to Define ConsciousnessFrom the Journal of Consciousness Studies, 16 (5), 2009, pp 139-156. 
5C. Personal Identity
Introduction
John Locke Identity and Diversity Edited from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690, Book II, Chapter XXVII.
David Hume I Am a Bundle of Perceptions Edited from A Treatise of Human Nature, 1777, Vol. I, Book I, Part IV, Section VI. 
Bernard Williams The Self and the Future From The Philosophical Review, Vol. 79, No. 2, 1970, pp 161-180.
J. David Velleman So It Goes From The Amherst Lecture in Philosophy 1, 2006, pp 1-23. 
PART SIX Free Will And Determinism 
Introduction
John Locke Free Agents Edited from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690, Book II, Chapter XXI.
Baruch Spinoza Everything Happens Out of Necessity Edited from Ethics, Part II, Proposition XLVIII. Translated by R.H.M. Elwes, 1883.
Paul-Henri d\'Holbach A Series of Necessary Moments Edited from The System of Nature, Chapter XI. Translated by H. D. Robinson, 1868.
Jean-Paul Sartre Condemned to Be Free Edited from Existentialism is a Humanism. Lecture given in 1945, World Publishing Company, 1956.
Richard Taylor I Can From The Philosophical Review, Vol. 69, No. 1, January, 1960, pp 78-89.
Raymond Smullyan Take My Free Will, Please! From \"Is God a Taoist?\" 
Philippa Foot Free Will as Involving Determinism From The Philosophical Review, Vol. 66, No. 4, October, 1957, pp 439-450.  
PART SEVEN The Good And The Bad 
Introduction
7A. Morality
Introduction
Plato Why Should We Be Good? Edited from Republic, Books II and IX. Translated by Benjamin Jowett, 1892.
Aristotle Virtues Edited from Nicomachean Ethics, Books I and II. Translated by W. D. Ross, 1908. 
David Hume Morality is Determined by Sentiment Edited from An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, 1777, Section I and Appendix I.
Immanuel Kant Duty Edited from The Metaphysical Elements of Ethics, Introduction. Translated by Thomas Kingsmill Abbott, 1909.
John Stuart Mill The Principle of Utility Edited from Utilitarianism, 1861, Chapters II and IV.
Friedrich Nietzsche A Free Spirit Edited from Beyond Good and Evil, Chapter II. Translated by Helen Zimmern, 1913.
Thomas H. Huxley Evolution and Ethics Edited from The Romanes Lecture, 1893. 
Rosalind Hursthouse Virtue Ethics From The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2013 Edition. 
David B. Wong Moral Relativism From Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
7B. Applied Ethics
Introduction
James Rachels Active and Passive Euthanasia From The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 292, January 9, 1975, pp 78-80.
Judith Jarvis Thomson A Defense of Abortion From Philosophy & Public Affairs, Vol. 1, no. 1, Fall 1971, pp 47-66.
Don Marquis Why Abortion Is Immoral From Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 86, April, 1989, pp 183-202. 
Peter Singer Famine, Affluence and Morality From Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 1, no. 3, Spring, 1972, pp 229-243.
John Harris The Survival Lottery From Philosophy, Vol. 50, (191), 1975, pp 81-87.
Richard Hanley A Wolf in Sheep\'s Cloning? From Monash Bioethics Review, 18.1, 1999, 59-62.  
PART EIGHT Failure To Communicate: Political And Social Philosophy 
Introduction
Plato Should I Obey the Laws? Edited from Crito. Translated by Benjamin Jowett, 1892.
Aristotle A Political Animal Edited from Politics, Book I, Parts I, II and IX. Translated by Benjamin Jowett, 1885.
Thomas Hobbes Solitary, Poor, Nasty, Brutish, and Short Edited from Leviathan, 1651, Chapters XIII-XV, and XVII. 
John Locke For the Good of the People Edited from Second Treatise of Civil Government, 1689, Chapters VII, IX, and XIX. 
Catharine Macaulay Observations on Revolution Edited from Observations on the Reflections of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, on the Revolution in France, 1791.
John Stuart Mill Liberty Edited from On Liberty, 1859, Chapter I.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Workers of the World, Unite! Edited from Manifesto of the Communist Party, 1888, Chapters I, II, and IV. 
John Dewey Democratic Habits of Thought and Action Edited from \"Democracy and Educational Administration,\" School and Society, 45, April 3, 1937), pp 457-467.
Mary Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Edited from A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792, Chapter 13. 
Karen Green Parity and Procedural Justice From Essays in Philosophy, Volume 7, Issue 1, Article 4, 2006.
Richard Rorty Love And Money From Common Knowledge, Vol 1, No. 1, Spring, 1992, pp 12-16.
Kwame Anthony Appiah Identity: Political not CulturalFrom Field Work: Sites in Literary and Cultural Studies, Marjorie Garber, Rebecca L. Walkowitz,Paul B. Franklin (eds), New York, Routledge, 1997, pp 34-40.   
PART NINE I Know It When I See It: Art And Aesthetics 
Introduction
Aristotle Tragedy Edited from Poetics, Section 1, Parts VI-IX, and XXIV-XXV. Translated by S. H. Butcher, 1895. 
Henri Bergson An Animal Which Laughs, and is Laughed At Edited from Laughter, Chapter I. Translated by Cloudesley Brereton and Fred Rothwell, 1914. 
George Santayana A Pledge of the Possible Edited from The Sense of Beauty, 1896.
Arthur Schopenhauer Art Takes Away the Mist From The World as Will and Idea, Vol. III, Chapter XXXIV. Translated by R. B. Haldane, and J. Kemp, 1909.
Amie L. Thomasson Ontological Innovation in Art From the Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 68/2, 2010, pp 119-130. 
PART TEN Does Life Have Any Meaning? 
Introduction
Epicurus In Waking or in Dream Edited from Stoic and Epicurean. Translated by Robert Drew Hicks, 1910.
Arthur Schopenhauer The Vanity of Existence Edited from Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer. Translated by T. Bailey Saunders, 1902.
Soeren Kierkegaard What Then Would Life Be? Edited from Fear and Trembling. Translated by Walter Lowrie, Princeton University Press, 1941. 
Thomas Nagel The Absurd From The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 68, No. 20, 1971, pp 716-727.
Richard Taylor The Meaning of Life From Good and Evil, Prometheus Books, Amherst, NY, 2000. 
Susan Wolf The Meanings of Lives From \"The Meanings of Lives,\" reprinted with permission of the author. 
Brooke Alan Trisel Intended and Unintended Life From The Philosophical Forum, 2012, Vol. 43 (4), pp 395-403. 
EPILOGUE 
Bertrand Russell The Value of Philosophy Edited from The Problems of Philosophy, 1912, Chapter XV.
Appendix 1 The Role Of Logic 
Appendix 2 A Guide To Writing Philosophy Papers 
Glossary