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دانلود کتاب John Stuart Mill
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John Stuart Mill
دسته بندی: فلسفه ویرایش: نویسندگان: John M Skorupski سری: Arguments of the Philosophers ناشر: Routledge سال نشر: 1989 تعداد صفحات: 384 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 2 مگابایت
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John Stuart Mill looms in the central massif of nineteenth century thought; one of its highest peaks, gaunt in appearance, cloud-capped, chilly. The outline casts its shadow on lower hills—it is regularly used to take bearings on them—but climbers on its high ridges remain few. The same could be said of other major nineteenth-century philosophers; we are only slowly beginning to take stock of their legacy, and to locate ourselves, as the heroic phase of twentieth- century philosophy recedes, in relation to it. But it is particularly true, I think in the case of Mill. Though his reputation continues to revive, there is still no accurate revaluation of the most fundamental points in his philosophy. Yet his questions, his answers, and their difficulties are all readily understandable in today’s perspective. Not every vast nineteenth-century canvas repays the painstaking work of restoration, but in this case the result is incisive and fresh. This book traces Mill’s arguments, tests their strength and suggests alternatives. Some of it, inevitably, enters into complicated detail, but I have tried to keep the larger picture in view. In the first chapter I sketch out the main themes of Mill’s philosophical thought. There is an impressive steadiness and scope in Mill’s vision; he tackles very big themes right out in the open, for an audience of intelligent readers; he tries to bring pure philosophy into contact with life and thought. Anyone who does that runs the dangers of pontificating, spreading himself too thinly, hurrying over difficult issues too quickly. Mill can be absolved of none of these things. And it must be confessed that there is something glacial about the philosopher as public figure. Mill fits into no cosy group, no shared esoteric language—but neither does he cast himself as the romantic outsider, observing human society from the desert or the bush. His chosen role is to educate the serious-minded; his philosophical stance is numbingly comprehensive, lucid and systematic. He magisterially treats of mind, society, politics, economics, culture. If Bacon wrote philosophy like a Lord Chancellor, Mill all too often writes it like a self-appointed Royal Commission. The grand manner risks sounding hollow—especially when expressed in plain and sober prose which mercilessly exposes bits of mere blur or filling. Some of Mill’s more substantive political writings suffer badly from a lack of the nuance and self-irony which attractive political writing needs. They generate ‘horror Victorianorum’. But his more purely philosophical works are saved by their incisiveness and humanity. There is little pot-boiling in them; they are packed with crisp argument. We can learn a great deal from these arguments, but it is from Mill’s strategic vision that we have most to learn—expecially about the necessary relations between philosophy, culture and politics. Mill is very English. The English tradition of the philosopher and practical man of sense, and the English paradox of the conservative radical, go far to explain the strengths and weaknesses of his mind. Like Locke or Butler he values intelligibility above laboriously achieved precision. He is humane and balanced rather than playful and ingenious, incisive and strategic rather than carefully worked-over and exact. Another comparison would be with George Orwell: Mill has the same conservative radicalism, centring on hatred of domination but fear of the atomised human mass, the same liking for honest language, the same wistfully prosaic mind. He liked to lecture his compatriots about the virtues of continental thought, but it was from the island of Albion that he did so. The layout of this book is determined by four of Mill’s works: the System of Logic, the Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s Philosophy, Utilitarianism and On Liberty. Many of Mill’s other writings contain philosophical discussions of importance—I refer to some of them when it is relevant to do so. But these are the four texts by which Mill’s more purely philosophical reputation is likely to stand or fall, The most obvious omission from this canon is his Three Essays on Religion’. I would have liked to have a chapter on Mill on religion—but though the essays contain dispassionate and telling argument, they are not, I think, philosophically creative. They fascinatingly display a major predicament of the Victorian mind, but they do not break new paths in our understanding of what religion is. Nor are they essential to Mill’s philosophy in the way that Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion are essential to his. The topics in Mill chosen, and the balance among them, are meant to give a picture of Mill specifically as a philosopher. I have given a lot of space to the System of Logic, because it is fundamental in Mill’s thought and because there is a desperate lack of up-to-date commentary on it. Mill thought the two works by him which would survive longest were Liberty and the System. He was not wrong to pick out these two. Understanding Mill’s project in the System of Logic, its strength and historical standing, must be the basis for any full revaluation of Mill, so I have tried to be comprehensive. I have less to say about Mill’s fine analysis of causation than about other topics because this has already been well treated by the late J.L.Mackie. Mackie also analysed Mill’s ‘eliminative methods of induction’ very fully; I have covered these in more detail because they are needed for an overall picture of Mill’s view of the ‘inductive process’. The Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s Philosophy is discussed in chapter 7, which extends the basic lines of argument in the previous chapters—I concentrate on the tension between Mill’s naturalism, his inductivism and his subjectivist epistemology. On Mill as a liberal and utilitarian there is now a vast literature, much of it very elaborate, and a lot of it very good. On these topics one can assume at least broad agreement about what Mill actually said. In chapters 8, 9 and 10 I have stressed the distinctive quality of Mill’s liberalism— the fact that it is founded on an appeal not to irreducible individual rights but to the general good. To approach liberty and equality in this way places great weight on a substantive view of human nature and a substantive analysis of human ends. In this respect Mill differs markedly from the wanly formalistic and subjectivist strains of liberal philosophy in the present century. His is not a defensive liberalism, desperately eliminating hostages to fortune, or a sleight-of-hand liberalism, trying to conjure political principles out of tautologies. It makes deep assumptions about human beings, their possibilities and their ends. Certainly the assumptions were not fully thought through by Mill—they conflicted at many points with his associationist and hedonistic Benthamite inheritance. That means that Mill leaves his followers with a lot of ground-clearing to do. But I argue that there is no alternative foundation for liberalism; if I am right, then to examine the prospects of rebuilding liberalism on cleared but essentially Millian ground is to ask about the fortunes of liberalism itself. I have been writing this book (though with many interruptions) for nine years. Intensive study of any great philosopher must be simultaneously humbling and life-enhancing; I have certainly found it to be so with Mill. I have come to appreciate the depth and difficulty of what he did, and have found myself rethinking virtually every topic he touched.
فهرست مطالب
Contents Preface xi Abbreviations xv 1 THE MILLIAN PHILOSOPHY 1 1 Philosophy and its past 1 2 Logic and metaphysics 5 3 Ethics and politics 12 4 The school of experience and association 21 5 Naturalism and the criterion of general good 30 6 The dialectic of criticism and allegiance 35 7 Naturalism, objectivity, autonomy 38 8 Mill in the present 43 2 THE ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE 48 1 ‘Of the necessity of commencing with an analysis of language’ 48 2 Propositions 49 3 Classification of names 51 4 Connotation and denotation 53 5 The import of propositions: Conceptualism and Nominalism 59 6 The import of propositions: Mill’s theory 63 7 Proper names 67 8 Predication, assertion, denial 69 9 Simple and compound propositions 71 10 Mill and Frege 74 3 VERBAL PROPOSITIONS AND APPARENT INFERENCE 78 1 Agenda 78 2 Real and verbal propositions 79 3 Non-connotative propositions are verbal 81 4 Real and apparent inference 83 5 Mill’s Verbal’ and Kant’s ‘analytic’ 85 6 Essence 87 7 Defining a name 90 8 The foundation of an attribute 92 9 ‘Nominalism’ and Mill’s nominalism 95 4 THE JUSTIFICATION OF DEDUCTION 99 1 Incroductory 99 2 Analysis of rules of deductive inference 100 3 Mill’s analysis of the syllogism 103 4 ‘Is the syllogism a petitio principii? 105 5 General propositions have no probative force of their own 108 6 Demystifying deduction 112 7 All inference is from particulars to particulars 117 8 The Logic of Consistency and the Logic of Truth’ 121 5 EMPIRICISM IN LOGIC AND MATHEMATICS 126 1 Reviewing the strategy 126 2 Geometry 128 3 Arithmetic: the refutation of ‘Nominalism’ 135 4 Numbers and aggregates 139 5 Arithmetic contains real propositions 143 6 The laws of thought 147 7 Perceptual imagination 152 8 Necessity, aprioricity and conceivability 155 9 The a priori in reasoning 160 Appendix: Mill’s ‘psychologism’ 164 6 INDUCTION AND INDUCTIVISM 167 1 Inductive logic 167 2 ‘The question of Inductive Logic stated’ 170 3 The Law of Universal Causation 175 4 The eliminative methods of induction (i) 178 5 The eliminative methods of induction (ii) 185 6 The place of the eliminative methods in Mill’s inductive logic 187 7 Inductive scepticism and the internal validation of induction 192 8 Hypotheses 197 7 INDUCTION, PERCEPTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS 203 1 The ‘phenomenal relativity of knowledge’ 203 2 Inductivism and the manifest image 206 3 Inductivism and inductive scepticism 212 4 Naturalism and the classical pre-understanding of meaning 216 5 The ‘interpretation of consciousness’ 220 6 The ‘introspective’ and the ‘psychological’ methods 225 7 Phenomenalism 229 8 Minds 236 9 Phenomenalism and naturalism 240 10 Subjective and objective 244 8 THE LOGIC OF THE MORAL SCIENCES 248 1 ‘Human conduct as a subject of science’ 248 2 Freedom as rational autonomy 250 3 Empirical and ultimate laws: explanation and reduction 255 4 The primacy of psychology: associationism 259 5 Ethology: the historicity of human nature 264 6 Sociology: the evolutionary science of society 267 7 The methods of social science 269 8 Methodological individualism 273 9 Can there be a ‘science of human nature’? 275 10 Interpretation 279 9 UTILITARIANISM 283 1 Introductory 283 2 The ‘proof of the Principle of Utility 285 3 The objectivity of ends: (i) Humean scepticism 288 4 The objectivity of ends: (ii) The desire-satisfaction model 290 5 Hedonism 295 6 The refutation of hedonism 299 7 Kinds of pleasure and categorial diversity of ends 303 8 Impartiality and agent-neutral reasons 308 9 Philosophical utilitarianism 310 10 Utilitarianism and the distinctness of individuals 313 11 Indirect utilitarianism 315 12 Bentham and Coleridge: conservative holism 321 13 Justice and rights 325 14 Autonomy and distribution 328 15 Reflective equilibrium 334 10 LIBERTY 337 1 The themes of On Liberty 337 2 The Liberty Principle 340 3 Foundations for liberty: utility, natural rights, scepticism 343 4 Individuality 347 5 Autonomy 354 6 Paternalism 359 7 Utility and ideals 360 8 Liberty, justice and the private domain 363 9 Liberty of expression: the dialogue model 369 10 Liberty of expression: fallibilism 376 11 Liberty of expression: truth, autonomy and the ideal of rationality 383 12 Towards liberalism 384 Notes 389 Bibliography 418 Index 426
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