Java how to program : late objects : introducing JShell

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Before You Begin
1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and Java 53
	1.1 Introduction 54
	1.2 Hardware and Software 56
		1.2.1 Moore’s Law 56
		1.2.2 Computer Organization 57
	1.3 Data Hierarchy 59
	1.4 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages 61
	1.5 Basic Introduction to Object Terminology 62
		1.5.1 Automobile as an Object 63
		1.5.2 Methods and Classes 63
		1.5.3 Instantiation 63
		1.5.4 Reuse 63
		1.5.5 Messages and Method Calls 64
		1.5.6 Attributes and Instance Variables 64
		1.5.7 Encapsulation and Information Hiding 64
		1.5.8 Inheritance 64
		1.5.9 Interfaces 65
		1.5.10 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) 65
		1.5.11 The UML (Unified Modeling Language) 65
	1.6 Operating Systems 66
		1.6.1 Windows—A Proprietary Operating System 66
		1.6.2 Linux—An Open-Source Operating System 66
		1.6.3 Apple’s macOS and Apple’s iOS for iPhone®, iPad® and iPod Touch® Devices 67
		1.6.4 Google’s Android 67
	1.7 Programming Languages 68
	1.8 Java 70
	1.9 A Typical Java Development Environment 71
	1.10 Test-Driving a Java Application 74
	1.11 Internet and World Wide Web 78
		1.11.1 Internet: A Network of Networks 79
		1.11.2 World Wide Web: Making the Internet User-Friendly 79
		1.11.3 Web Services and Mashups 79
		1.11.4 Internet of Things 80
	1.12 Software Technologies 81
	1.13 Getting Your Questions Answered 83
2 Introduction to Java Applications; Input/Output and Operators 87
	2.1 Introduction 88
	2.2 Your First Program in Java: Printing a Line of Text 88
		2.2.1 Compiling the Application 92
		2.2.2 Executing the Application 93
	2.3 Modifying Your First Java Program 94
	2.4 Displaying Text with printf 96
	2.5 Another Application: Adding Integers 97
		2.5.1 import Declarations 98
		2.5.2 Declaring and Creating a Scanner to Obtain User Input from the Keyboard 98
		2.5.3 Prompting the User for Input 99
		2.5.4 Declaring a Variable to Store an Integer and Obtaining an Integer from the Keyboard 99
		2.5.5 Obtaining a Second Integer 100
		2.5.6 Using Variables in a Calculation 100
		2.5.7 Displaying the Calculation Result 100
		2.5.8 Java API Documentation 101
		2.5.9 Declaring and Initializing Variables in Separate Statements 101
	2.6 Memory Concepts 101
	2.7 Arithmetic 102
	2.8 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 106
	2.9 Wrap-Up 109
3 Control Statements: Part 1; Assignment, ++ and -- Operators 120
	3.1 Introduction 121
	3.2 Algorithms 121
	3.3 Pseudocode 122
	3.4 Control Structures 122
		3.4.1 Sequence Structure in Java 123
		3.4.2 Selection Statements in Java 124
		3.4.3 Iteration Statements in Java 124
		3.4.4 Summary of Control Statements in Java 124
	3.5 if Single-Selection Statement 125
	3.6 if…else Double-Selection Statement 126
		3.6.1 Nested if…else Statements 127
		3.6.2 Dangling-else Problem 128
		3.6.3 Blocks 128
		3.6.4 Conditional Operator (?:) 129
	3.7 while Iteration Statement 129
	3.8 Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Iteration 131
	3.9 Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Iteration 135
	3.10 Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements 142
	3.11 Compound Assignment Operators 146
	3.12 Increment and Decrement Operators 147
	3.13 Primitive Types 150
	3.14 Wrap-Up 150
4 Control Statements: Part 2; Logical Operators 164
	4.1 Introduction 165
	4.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Iteration 165
	4.3 for Iteration Statement 166
	4.4 Examples Using the for Statement 170
		4.4.1 Application: Summing the Even Integers from 2 to 20 171
		4.4.2 Application: Compound-Interest Calculations 172
	4.5 do…while Iteration Statement 175
	4.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement 176
	4.7 break and continue Statements 182
		4.7.1 break Statement 182
		4.7.2 continue Statement 182
	4.8 Logical Operators 183
		4.8.1 Conditional AND (&&) Operator 184
		4.8.2 Conditional OR (||) Operator 184
		4.8.3 Short-Circuit Evaluation of Complex Conditions 185
		4.8.4 Boolean Logical AND (&) and Boolean Logical Inclusive OR (|) Operators 185
		4.8.5 Boolean Logical Exclusive OR (^) 186
		4.8.6 Logical Negation (!) Operator 186
		4.8.7 Logical Operators Example 187
	4.9 Structured-Programming Summary 189
	4.10 Wrap-Up 194
5 Methods 204
	5.1 Introduction 205
	5.2 Program Units in Java 205
	5.3 static Methods, static Variables and Class Math 207
	5.4 Declaring Methods 209
	5.5 Notes on Declaring and Using Methods 213
	5.6 Method-Call Stack and Activation Records 214
		5.6.1 Method-Call Stack 214
		5.6.2 Stack Frames 214
		5.6.3 Local Variables and Stack Frames 215
		5.6.4 Stack Overflow 215
	5.7 Argument Promotion and Casting 215
	5.8 Java API Packages 216
	5.9 Case Study: Secure Random-Number Generation 218
	5.10 Case Study: A Game of Chance; Introducing enums 223
	5.11 Scope of Declarations 227
	5.12 Method Overloading 230
		5.12.1 Declaring Overloaded Methods 230
		5.12.2 Distinguishing Between Overloaded Methods 231
		5.12.3 Return Types of Overloaded Methods 231
	5.13 Wrap-Up 232
6 Arrays and ArrayLists 245
	6.1 Introduction 246
	6.2 Primitive Types vs. Reference Types 247
	6.3 Arrays 247
	6.4 Declaring and Creating Arrays 249
	6.5 Examples Using Arrays 250
		6.5.1 Creating and Initializing an Array 250
		6.5.2 Using an Array Initializer 251
		6.5.3 Calculating the Values to Store in an Array 252
		6.5.4 Summing the Elements of an Array 253
		6.5.5 Using Bar Charts to Display Array Data Graphically 254
		6.5.6 Using the Elements of an Array as Counters 256
		6.5.7 Using Arrays to Analyze Survey Results 257
	6.6 Exception Handling: Processing the Incorrect Response 259
		6.6.1 The try Statement 259
		6.6.2 Executing the catch Block 259
		6.6.3 toString Method of the Exception Parameter 260
	6.7 Enhanced for Statement 260
	6.8 Passing Arrays to Methods 261
	6.9 Pass-By-Value vs. Pass-By-Reference 264
	6.10 Multidimensional Arrays 264
		6.10.1 Arrays of One-Dimensional Arrays 265
		6.10.2 Two-Dimensional Arrays with Rows of Different Lengths 265
		6.10.3 Creating Two-Dimensional Arrays with Array-Creation Expressions 266
		6.10.4 Two-Dimensional Array Example: Displaying Element Values 266
		6.10.5 Common Multidimensional-Array Manipulations Performed with for Statements 267
	6.11 Variable-Length Argument Lists 268
	6.12 Using Command-Line Arguments 269
	6.13 Class Arrays 271
	6.14 Introduction to Collections and Class ArrayList 274
	6.15 Wrap-Up 278
7 Introduction to Classes and Objects 298
	7.1 Introduction 299
	7.2 Instance Variables, set Methods and get Methods 300
		7.2.1 Account Class with an Instance Variable, and set and get Methods 300
		7.2.2 AccountTest Class That Creates and Uses an Object of Class Account 302
		7.2.3 Compiling and Executing an App with Multiple Classes 305
		7.2.4 Account UML Class Diagram 305
		7.2.5 Additional Notes on Class AccountTest 306
		7.2.6 Software Engineering with private Instance Variables and public set and get Methods 307
	7.3 Default and Explicit Initialization for Instance Variables 308
	7.4 Account Class: Initializing Objects with Constructors 309
		7.4.1 Declaring an Account Constructor for Custom Object Initialization 309
		7.4.2 Class AccountTest: Initializing Account Objects When They’re Created 310
	7.5 Account Class with a Balance 312
		7.5.1 Account Class with a balance Instance Variable of Type double 312
		7.5.2 AccountTest Class to Use Class Account 313
	7.6 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 316
	7.7 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an Array toStore Grades 320
	7.8 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using a Two-Dimensional Array 326
	7.9 Wrap-Up 331
8 Classes and Objects: A Deeper Look 339
	8.1 Introduction 340
	8.2 Time Class Case Study 340
	8.3 Controlling Access to Members 345
	8.4 Referring to the Current Object’s Members with the this Reference 346
	8.5 Time Class Case Study: Overloaded Constructors 348
	8.6 Default and No-Argument Constructors 353
	8.7 Notes on Set and Get Methods 354
	8.8 Composition 355
	8.9 enum Types 358
	8.10 Garbage Collection 361
	8.11 static Class Members 361
	8.12 static Import 365
	8.13 final Instance Variables 366
	8.14 Package Access 367
	8.15 Using BigDecimal for Precise Monetary Calculations 368
	8.16 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study: Using Objects with Graphics 371
	8.17 Wrap-Up 375
9 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance 383
	9.1 Introduction 384
	9.2 Superclasses and Subclasses 385
	9.3 protected Members 387
	9.4 Relationship Between Superclasses and Subclasses 388
		9.4.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class 388
		9.4.2 Creating and Using a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class 393
		9.4.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy 398
		9.4.4 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Instance Variables 401
		9.4.5 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Instance Variables 404
	9.5 Constructors in Subclasses 408
	9.6 Class Object 409
	9.7 Designing with Composition vs. Inheritance 410
	9.8 Wrap-Up 412
10 Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism and Interfaces 417
	10.1 Introduction 418
	10.2 Polymorphism Examples 420
	10.3 Demonstrating Polymorphic Behavior 421
	10.4 Abstract Classes and Methods 423
	10.5 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism 426
		10.5.1 Abstract Superclass Employee 427
		10.5.2 Concrete Subclass SalariedEmployee 429
		10.5.3 Concrete Subclass HourlyEmployee 431
		10.5.4 Concrete Subclass CommissionEmployee 432
		10.5.5 Indirect Concrete Subclass BasePlusCommissionEmployee 434
		10.5.6 Polymorphic Processing, Operator instanceof and Downcasting 435
	10.6 Allowed Assignments Between Superclass and Subclass Variables 440
	10.7 final Methods and Classes 440
	10.8 A Deeper Explanation of Issues with Calling Methods from Constructors 441
	10.9 Creating and Using Interfaces 442
		10.9.1 Developing a Payable Hierarchy 444
		10.9.2 Interface Payable 445
		10.9.3 Class Invoice 445
		10.9.4 Modifying Class Employee to Implement Interface Payable 447
		10.9.5 Using Interface Payable to Process Invoices and Employees Polymorphically 449
		10.9.6 Some Common Interfaces of the Java API 450
	10.10 Java SE 8 Interface Enhancements 451
		10.10.1 default Interface Methods 451
		10.10.2 static Interface Methods 452
		10.10.3 Functional Interfaces 452
	10.11 Java SE 9 private Interface Methods 453
	10.12 private Constructors 453
	10.13 Program to an Interface, Not an Implementation 454
		10.13.1 Implementation Inheritance Is Best for Small Numbers of Tightly Coupled Classes 454
		10.13.2 Interface Inheritance Is Best for Flexibility 454
		10.13.3 Rethinking the Employee Hierarchy 455
	10.14 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study: Drawing with Polymorphism 456
	10.15 Wrap-Up 458
11 Exception Handling: A Deeper Look 465
	11.1 Introduction 466
	11.2 Example: Divide by Zero without Exception Handling 467
	11.3 Example: Handling ArithmeticExceptions and InputMismatchExceptions 469
	11.4 When to Use Exception Handling 475
	11.5 Java Exception Hierarchy 475
	11.6 finally Block 479
	11.7 Stack Unwinding and Obtaining Information from an Exception 483
	11.8 Chained Exceptions 486
	11.9 Declaring New Exception Types 488
	11.10 Preconditions and Postconditions 489
	11.11 Assertions 489
	11.12 try-with-Resources: Automatic ResourceDeallocation 491
	11.13 Wrap-Up 492
12 JavaFX Graphical User Interfaces: Part 1 498
	12.1 Introduction 499
	12.2 JavaFX Scene Builder 500
	12.3 JavaFX App Window Structure 501
	12.4 Welcome App—Displaying Text and an Image 502
		12.4.1 Opening Scene Builder and Creating the File Welcome.fxml 502
		12.4.2 Adding an Image to the Folder Containing Welcome.fxml 503
		12.4.3 Creating a VBox Layout Container 503
		12.4.4 Configuring the VBox Layout Container 504
		12.4.5 Adding and Configuring a Label 504
		12.4.6 Adding and Configuring an ImageView 505
		12.4.7 Previewing the Welcome GUI 507
	12.5 Tip Calculator App—Introduction to Event Handling 507
		12.5.1 Test-Driving the Tip Calculator App 508
		12.5.2 Technologies Overview 509
		12.5.3 Building the App’s GUI 511
		12.5.4 TipCalculator Class 518
		12.5.5 TipCalculatorController Class 520
	12.6 Features Covered in the Other JavaFX Chapters 525
	12.7 Wrap-Up
13 JavaFX GUI: Part 2 533
	13.1 Introduction 534
	13.2 Laying Out Nodes in a Scene Graph 534
	13.3 Painter App: RadioButtons, Mouse Events and Shapes 536
		13.3.1 Technologies Overview 536
		13.3.2 Creating the Painter.fxml File 538
		13.3.3 Building the GUI 538
		13.3.4 Painter Subclass of Application 541
		13.3.5 PainterController Class 542
	13.4 Color Chooser App: Property Bindings andProperty Listeners 546
		13.4.1 Technologies Overview 546
		13.4.2 Building the GUI 547
		13.4.3 ColorChooser Subclass of Application 549
		13.4.4 ColorChooserController Class 550
	13.5 Cover Viewer App: Data-Driven GUIs with JavaFX Collections 552
		13.5.1 Technologies Overview 553
		13.5.2 Adding Images to the App’s Folder 553
		13.5.3 Building the GUI 553
		13.5.4 CoverViewer Subclass of Application 555
		13.5.5 CoverViewerController Class 555
	13.6 Cover Viewer App: Customizing ListView Cells 557
		13.6.1 Technologies Overview 558
		13.6.2 Copying the CoverViewer App 558
		13.6.3 ImageTextCell Custom Cell Factory Class 559
		13.6.4 CoverViewerController Class 560
	13.7 Additional JavaFX Capabilities 561
	13.8 JavaFX 9: Java SE 9 JavaFX Updates 563
	13.9 Wrap-Up 565
14 Strings, Characters and Regular Expressions 574
	14.1 Introduction 575
	14.2 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings 575
	14.3 Class String 576
		14.3.1 String Constructors 576
		14.3.2 String Methods length, charAt and getChars 577
		14.3.3 Comparing Strings 579
		14.3.4 Locating Characters and Substrings in Strings 583
		14.3.5 Extracting Substrings from Strings 585
		14.3.6 Concatenating Strings 586
		14.3.7 Miscellaneous String Methods 587
		14.3.8 String Method valueOf 588
	14.4 Class StringBuilder 589
		14.4.1 StringBuilder Constructors 590
		14.4.2 StringBuilder Methods length, capacity, setLength and ensureCapacity 591
		14.4.3 StringBuilder Methods charAt, setCharAt, getChars and reverse 592
		14.4.4 StringBuilder append Methods 593
		14.4.5 StringBuilder Insertion and Deletion Methods 595
	14.5 Class Character 596
	14.6 Tokenizing Strings 601
	14.7 Regular Expressions, Class Pattern and Class Matcher 602
		14.7.1 Replacing Substrings and Splitting Strings 607
		14.7.2 Classes Pattern and Matcher 609
	14.8 Wrap-Up 611
15 Files, Input/Output Streams, NIO and XML Serialization 622
	15.1 Introduction 623
	15.2 Files and Streams 623
	15.3 Using NIO Classes and Interfaces to Get File and Directory Information 625
	15.4 Sequential Text Files 629
		15.4.1 Creating a Sequential Text File 629
		15.4.2 Reading Data from a Sequential Text File 632
		15.4.3 Case Study: A Credit-Inquiry Program 633
		15.4.4 Updating Sequential Files 638
	15.5 XML Serialization 638
		15.5.1 Creating a Sequential File Using XML Serialization 638
		15.5.2 Reading and Deserializing Data from a Sequential File 644
	15.6 FileChooser and DirectoryChooser Dialogs 645
	15.7 (Optional) Additional java.io Classes 651
		15.7.1 Interfaces and Classes for Byte-Based Input and Output 651
		15.7.2 Interfaces and Classes for Character-Based Input and Output 653
	15.8 Wrap-Up 654
16 Generic Collections 662
	16.1 Introduction 663
	16.2 Collections Overview 663
	16.3 Type-Wrapper Classes 665
	16.4 Autoboxing and Auto-Unboxing 665
	16.5 Interface Collection and Class Collections 665
	16.6 Lists 666
		16.6.1 ArrayList and Iterator 667
		16.6.2 LinkedList 669
	16.7 Collections Methods 674
		16.7.1 Method sort 675
		16.7.2 Method shuffle 678
		16.7.3 Methods reverse, fill, copy, max and min 680
		16.7.4 Method binarySearch 682
		16.7.5 Methods addAll, frequency and disjoint 683
	16.8 Class PriorityQueue and Interface Queue 685
	16.9 Sets 686
	16.10 Maps 689
	16.11 Synchronized Collections 693
	16.12 Unmodifiable Collections 693
	16.13 Abstract Implementations 694
	16.14 Java SE 9: Convenience Factory Methods for Immutable Collections 694
	16.15 Wrap-Up 698
17 Lambdas and Streams 704
	17.1 Introduction 705
	17.2 Streams and Reduction 707
		17.2.1 Summing the Integers from 1 through 10 with a for Loop 707
		17.2.2 External Iteration with for Is Error Prone 708
		17.2.3 Summing with a Stream and Reduction 708
		17.2.4 Internal Iteration 709
	17.3 Mapping and Lambdas 710
		17.3.1 Lambda Expressions 711
		17.3.2 Lambda Syntax 712
		17.3.3 Intermediate and Terminal Operations 713
	17.4 Filtering 714
	17.5 How Elements Move Through Stream Pipelines 716
	17.6 Method References 717
		17.6.1 Creating an IntStream of Random Values 718
		17.6.2 Performing a Task on Each Stream Element with forEach and a Method Reference 718
		17.6.3 Mapping Integers to String Objects with mapToObj 719
		17.6.4 Concatenating Strings with collect 719
	17.7 IntStream Operations 720
		17.7.1 Creating an IntStream and Displaying Its Values 721
		17.7.2 Terminal Operations count, min, max, sum and average 721
		17.7.3 Terminal Operation reduce 722
		17.7.4 Sorting IntStream Values 724
	17.8 Functional Interfaces 725
	17.9 Lambdas: A Deeper Look 726
	17.10 Stream Manipulations 727
		17.10.1 Creating a Stream 728
		17.10.2 Sorting a Stream and Collecting the Results 729
		17.10.3 Filtering a Stream and Storing the Results for Later Use 729
		17.10.4 Filtering and Sorting a Stream and Collecting the Results 730
		17.10.5 Sorting Previously Collected Results 730
	17.11 Stream Manipulations 730
		17.11.1 Mapping Strings to Uppercase 731
		17.11.2 Filtering Strings Then Sorting Them in Case-InsensitiveAscending Order 732
		17.11.3 Filtering Strings Then Sorting Them in Case-Insensitive Descending Order 732
	17.12 Stream Manipulations 733
		17.12.1 Creating and Displaying a List 734
		17.12.2 Filtering Employees with Salaries in a Specified Range 735
		17.12.3 Sorting Employees By Multiple Fields 738
		17.12.4 Mapping Employees to Unique-Last-Name Strings 740
		17.12.5 Grouping Employees By Department 741
		17.12.6 Counting the Number of Employees in Each Department 742
		17.12.7 Summing and Averaging Employee Salaries 743
	17.13 Creating a Stream from a File 744
	17.14 Streams of Random Values 747
	17.15 Infinite Streams 749
	17.16 Lambda Event Handlers 751
	17.17 Additional Notes on Java SE 8 Interfaces 751
	17.18 Wrap-Up 752
18 Recursion 766
	18.1 Introduction 767
	18.2 Recursion Concepts 768
	18.3 Example Using Recursion: Factorials 769
	18.4 Reimplementing Class FactorialCalculator Using BigInteger 771
	18.5 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series 773
	18.6 Recursion and the Method-Call Stack 776
	18.7 Recursion vs. Iteration 777
	18.8 Towers of Hanoi 779
	18.9 Fractals 781
		18.9.1 Koch Curve Fractal 782
		18.9.2 (Optional) Case Study: Lo Feather Fractal 783
		18.9.3 (Optional) Fractal App GUI 785
		18.9.4 (Optional) FractalController Class 787
	18.10 Recursive Backtracking 792
	18.11 Wrap-Up 792
19 Searching, Sorting and Big O 801
	19.1 Introduction 802
	19.2 Linear Search 803
	19.3 Big O Notation 806
		19.3.1 O(1) Algorithms 806
		19.3.2 O(n) Algorithms 806
		19.3.3 O(n2) Algorithms 806
		19.3.4 Big O of the Linear Search 807
	19.4 Binary Search 807
		19.4.1 Binary Search Implementation 808
		19.4.2 Efficiency of the Binary Search 811
	19.5 Sorting Algorithms 812
	19.6 Selection Sort 812
		19.6.1 Selection Sort Implementation 813
		19.6.2 Efficiency of the Selection Sort 815
	19.7 Insertion Sort 815
		19.7.1 Insertion Sort Implementation 816
		19.7.2 Efficiency of the Insertion Sort 818
	19.8 Merge Sort 819
		19.8.1 Merge Sort Implementation 819
		19.8.2 Efficiency of the Merge Sort 824
	19.9 Big O Summary for This Chapter’s Searching and Sorting Algorithms 824
	19.10 Massive Parallelism and Parallel Algorithms 825
	19.11 Wrap-Up 825
20 Generic Classes and Methods: A Deeper Look 831
	20.1 Introduction 832
	20.2 Motivation for Generic Methods 832
	20.3 Generic Methods: Implementation and Compile-Time Translation 834
	20.4 Additional Compile-Time Translation Issues: Methods That Use a Type Parameter as the Return Type 837
	20.5 Overloading Generic Methods 840
	20.6 Generic Classes 841
	20.7 Wildcards in Methods That Accept Type Parameters 848
	20.8 Wrap-Up 852
21 Custom Generic Data Structures 856
	21.1 Introduction 857
	21.2 Self-Referential Classes 858
	21.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation 858
	21.4 Linked Lists 859
		21.4.1 Singly Linked Lists 859
		21.4.2 Implementing a Generic List Class 860
		21.4.3 Generic Classes ListNode and List 863
		21.4.4 Class ListTest 863
		21.4.5 List Method insertAtFront 865
		21.4.6 List Method insertAtBack 866
		21.4.7 List Method removeFromFront 866
		21.4.8 List Method removeFromBack 867
		21.4.9 List Method print 868
		21.4.10 Creating Your Own Packages 868
	21.5 Stacks 873
	21.6 Queues 876
	21.7 Trees 878
	21.8 Wrap-Up 885
22 JavaFX Graphics and Multimedia 910
	22.1 Introduction 911
	22.2 Controlling Fonts with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) 912
		22.2.1 CSS That Styles the GUI 912
		22.2.2 FXML That Defines the GUI—Introduction to XML Markup 915
		22.2.3 Referencing the CSS File from FXML 918
		22.2.4 Specifying the VBox’s Style Class 918
		22.2.5 Programmatically Loading CSS 918
	22.3 Displaying Two-Dimensional Shapes 919
		22.3.1 Defining Two-Dimensional Shapes with FXML 919
		22.3.2 CSS That Styles the Two-Dimensional Shapes 922
	22.4 Polylines, Polygons and Paths 924
		22.4.1 GUI and CSS 925
		22.4.2 PolyShapesController Class 926
	22.5 Transforms 929
	22.6 Playing Video with Media, MediaPlayer and MediaViewer 931
		22.6.1 VideoPlayer GUI 932
		22.6.2 VideoPlayerController Class 934
	22.7 Transition Animations 938
		22.7.1 TransitionAnimations.fxml 938
		22.7.2 TransitionAnimationsController Class 940
	22.8 Timeline Animations 944
	22.9 Frame-by-Frame Animation with AnimationTimer 947
	22.10 Drawing on a Canvas 949
	22.11 Three-Dimensional Shapes 954
	22.12 Wrap-Up 958
23 Concurrency 973
	23.1 Introduction 974
	23.2 Thread States and Life Cycle 976
		23.2.1 New and Runnable States 977
		23.2.2 Waiting State 977
		23.2.3 Timed Waiting State 977
		23.2.4 Blocked State 977
		23.2.5 Terminated State 977
		23.2.6 Operating-System View of the Runnable State 978
		23.2.7 Thread Priorities and Thread Scheduling 978
		23.2.8 Indefinite Postponement and Deadlock 979
	23.3 Creating and Executing Threads with the Executor Framework 979
	23.4 Thread Synchronization 983
		23.4.1 Immutable Data 984
		23.4.2 Monitors 984
		23.4.3 Unsynchronized Mutable Data Sharing 985
		23.4.4 Synchronized Mutable Data Sharing—Making Operations Atomic 989
	23.5 Producer/Consumer Relationship without Synchronization 992
	23.6 Producer/Consumer Relationship: ArrayBlockingQueue 1000
	23.7 (Advanced) Producer/Consumer Relationship with synchronized, wait, notify and notifyAll 1003
	23.8 (Advanced) Producer/Consumer Relationship: Bounded Buffers 1009
	23.9 (Advanced) Producer/Consumer Relationship: The Lock and Condition Interfaces 1017
	23.10 Concurrent Collections 1024
	23.11 Multithreading in JavaFX 1026
		23.11.1 Performing Computations in a Worker Thread: Fibonacci Numbers 1027
		23.11.2 Processing Intermediate Results: Sieve of Eratosthenes 1032
	23.12 sort/parallelSort Timings with the Java SE 8 Date/Time API 1038
	23.13 Java SE 8: Sequential vs. Parallel Streams 1041
	23.14 (Advanced) Interfaces Callable and Future 1043
	23.15 (Advanced) Fork/Join Framework 1048
	23.16 Wrap-Up 1048
24 Accessing Databases with JDBC 1060
	24.1 Introduction 1061
	24.2 Relational Databases 1062
	24.3 A books Database 1063
	24.4 SQL 1067
		24.4.1 Basic SELECT Query 1068
		24.4.2 WHERE Clause 1068
		24.4.3 ORDER BY Clause 1070
		24.4.4 Merging Data from Multiple Tables: INNER JOIN 1072
		24.4.5 INSERT Statement 1073
		24.4.6 UPDATE Statement 1074
		24.4.7 DELETE Statement 1075
	24.5 Setting Up a Java DB Database 1076
		24.5.1 Creating the Chapter’s Databases on Windows 1077
		24.5.2 Creating the Chapter’s Databases on macOS 1078
		24.5.3 Creating the Chapter’s Databases on Linux 1078
	24.6 Connecting to and Querying a Database 1078
		24.6.1 Automatic Driver Discovery 1080
		24.6.2 Connecting to the Database 1080
		24.6.3 Creating a Statement for Executing Queries 1081
		24.6.4 Executing a Query 1081
		24.6.5 Processing a Query’s ResultSet 1082
	24.7 Querying the books Database 1083
		24.7.1 ResultSetTableModel Class 1083
		24.7.2 DisplayQueryResults App’s GUI 1090
		24.7.3 DisplayQueryResultsController Class 1090
	24.8 RowSet Interface 1095
	24.9 PreparedStatements 1098
		24.9.1 AddressBook App That Uses PreparedStatements 1099
		24.9.2 Class Person 1099
		24.9.3 Class PersonQueries 1101
		24.9.4 AddressBook GUI 1104
		24.9.5 Class AddressBookController 1105
	24.10 Stored Procedures 1110
	24.11 Transaction Processing 1110
	24.12 Wrap-Up 1111
25 Introduction to JShell: Java 9’s REPL for Interactive Java 1119
	25.1 Introduction 1120
	25.2 Installing JDK 9 1122
	25.3 Introduction to JShell 1122
		25.3.1 Starting a JShell Session 1123
		25.3.2 Executing Statements 1123
		25.3.3 Declaring Variables Explicitly 1124
		25.3.4 Listing and Executing Prior Snippets 1126
		25.3.5 Evaluating Expressions and Declaring Variables Implicitly 1128
		25.3.6 Using Implicitly Declared Variables 1128
		25.3.7 Viewing a Variable’s Value 1129
		25.3.8 Resetting a JShell Session 1129
		25.3.9 Writing Multiline Statements 1129
		25.3.10 Editing Code Snippets 1130
		25.3.11 Exiting JShell 1133
	25.4 Command-Line Input in JShell 1133
	25.5 Declaring and Using Classes 1134
		25.5.1 Creating a Class in JShell 1135
		25.5.2 Explicitly Declaring Reference-Type Variables 1135
		25.5.3 Creating Objects 1136
		25.5.4 Manipulating Objects 1136
		25.5.5 Creating a Meaningful Variable Name for an Expression 1137
		25.5.6 Saving and Opening Code-Snippet Files 1138
	25.6 Discovery with JShell Auto-Completion 1138
		25.6.1 Auto-Completing Identifiers 1139
		25.6.2 Auto-Completing JShell Commands 1140
	25.7 Exploring a Class’s Members and Viewing Documentation 1140
		25.7.1 Listing Class Math’s static Members 1141
		25.7.2 Viewing a Method’s Parameters 1141
		25.7.3 Viewing a Method’s Documentation 1142
		25.7.4 Viewing a public Field’s Documentation 1142
		25.7.5 Viewing a Class’s Documentation 1143
		25.7.6 Viewing Method Overloads 1143
		25.7.7 Exploring Members of a Specific Object 1144
	25.8 Declaring Methods 1146
		25.8.1 Forward Referencing an Undeclared Method—Declaring Method displayCubes 1146
		25.8.2 Declaring a Previously Undeclared Method 1146
		25.8.3 Testing cube and Replacing Its Declaration 1147
		25.8.4 Testing Updated Method cube and Method displayCubes 1147
	25.9 Exceptions 1148
	25.10 Importing Classes and Adding Packages to the CLASSPATH 1149
	25.11 Using an External Editor 1151
	25.12 Summary of JShell Commands 1153
		25.12.1 Getting Help in JShell 1154
		25.12.2 /edit Command: Additional Features 1155
		25.12.3 /reload Command 1155
		25.12.4 /drop Command 1156
		25.12.5 Feedback Modes 1156
		25.12.6 Other JShell Features Configurable with /set 1158
	25.13 Keyboard Shortcuts for Snippet Editing 1159
	25.14 How JShell Reinterprets Java for Interactive Use 1159
	25.15 IDE JShell Support 1160
	25.16 Wrap-Up 1160
Chapters on the Web 1176
A Operator Precedence Chart 1177
B ASCII Character Set 1179
C Keywords and Reserved Words 1180
D Primitive Types 1181
E Using the Debugger 1182
	E.1 Introduction 1183
	E.2 Breakpoints and the run, stop, cont and print Commands 1183
	E.3 The print and set Commands 1187
	E.4 Controlling Execution Using the step, step up and next Commands 1189
	E.5 The watch Command 1191
	E.6 The clear Command 1193
Appendices on the Web 1197
Index 1199
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